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The NFs studied were tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), citicoline, neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), combined TUDCA\/citicoline (Doublet-1), combined TUDCA\/NT-4 (Doublet-2), combined TUDCA\/citicoline\/NT-4 (Triplet), and PBS. After 2 weeks, the number of RGCs was determined by Brn3a immunostaining. The optic nerves were immunostained for anti-Growth Associated Protein-43(GAP-43) and -200kD neurofilament heavy antibody to study optic nerve regeneration. Two weeks after the ONC, the densities of RGCs in all treated eyes were significantly higher than that of the PBS treated eyes. In the Triplet group, the number of RGC axons after ONC was significantly higher than that in all of the single treatment groups and the number of TUNEL positive cells was significantly reduced and the number of GAP-43 immunopositive axons was significantly greater than those in the PBS group. Neovascularization was observed only in the Doublet-1 group. We conclude that the combination of the three NFs was the most effective way to protect RGCs after the ONC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36473-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T18:38:06Z","timestamp":1546972686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["In vivo effects of single or combined topical neuroprotective and regenerative agents on degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rat optic nerve crush model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yuta","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guzel","family":"Bikbova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8178-8391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Oshitari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"36473_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2003.08.017","volume":"419","author":"G Jerums","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jerums, G., Panagiotopoulos, S., Forbes, J., Osicka, T. & Cooper, M. 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