{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T21:44:45Z","timestamp":1783460685808,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K026992\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K026992\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K026992\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K026992\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/L023784\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/L023784\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K026992\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K026992\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K026992\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K026992\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K026992\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K026992\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence suggests that lifestyle factors, e.g. physical activity, moderate the manifestation of genetic susceptibility to obesity. The present study uses UK Biobank data to investigate interaction between polygenic scores (PGS) for two obesity indicators, and lifestyle and psychosocial factors in the prediction of the two indicators, with attention to sex-specific effects. Analyses were of 112 151 participants (58 914 females; 40 to 73 years) whose genetic data passed quality control. Moderation effects were analysed in linear regression models predicting body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), including interaction terms for PGS and each exposure. Greater physical activity, more education, higher income, moderate<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>low alcohol consumption, and low material deprivation were each associated with a relatively lower risk for manifestation of genetic susceptibility to obesity (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001); the moderating effects of physical activity and alcohol consumption were greater in women than men (three-way interaction: p\u2009=\u20090.009 and p\u2009=\u20090.008, respectively). More income and less neuroticism were related to reduced manifestation of genetic susceptibility to high WHR (p\u2009=\u20090.007; p\u2009=\u20090.003); the effect of income was greater in women (three-way interaction: p\u2009=\u20090.001). Lifestyle and psychosocial factors appear to offset genetic risk for adiposity in mid to late adulthood, with some sex-specific associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36629-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T11:32:59Z","timestamp":1548243179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sex-specific moderation by lifestyle and psychosocial factors on the genetic contributions to adiposity in 112,151 individuals from UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Calvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia P.","family":"Hagenaars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2394-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Gallacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Liewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharine R.","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Deary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"36629_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic (2000)."},{"key":"36629_CR2","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of Food and Agriculture (2013)."},{"key":"36629_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdr033","volume":"33","author":"P Scarborough","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scarborough, P. et al. The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: An update to 2006-07 NHS costs. J. Public Health (Bangkok). 33, 527\u2013535 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Public Health (Bangkok)."},{"key":"36629_CR4","unstructured":"UK Government Office for Science. Tackling Obesities: Future Choices - Project Report (2007)."},{"key":"36629_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.11.029","volume":"90","author":"PM Visscher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Visscher, P. M., Brown, M. A., McCarthy, M. I. & Yang, J. Five years of GWAS discovery. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 90, 7\u201324 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"36629_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaitlen, N. et al. Using extended genealogy to estimate components of heritability for 23 quantitative and dichotomous traits. PLoS Genet. 9 (2013).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003520"},{"key":"36629_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.08.018","volume":"382","author":"T Fall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fall, T. & Ingelsson, E. Genome-wide association studies of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 382, 740\u2013757 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"36629_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tyrrell, J. et al. Gene\u2013obesogenic environment interactions in the UK Biobank study. Int. J. Epidemiol. dyw337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyw337 (2017).","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw337"},{"key":"36629_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.823","volume":"43","author":"J Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Genome partitioning of genetic variation for complex traits using common SNPs. Nat. Genet. 43, 519\u2013525 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"36629_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12724","volume":"7","author":"AI Young","year":"2016","unstructured":"Young, A. I., Wauthier, F. & Donnelly, P. Multiple novel gene-by-environment interactions modify the effect of FTO variants on body mass index. Nat. Commun. 7, 12724 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"36629_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001116","volume":"8","author":"TO Kilpelainen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kilpelainen, T. O. et al. Physical activity attenuates the influence of FTO variants on obesity risk: A meta-analysis of 218,166 adults and 19,268 children. PLoS Med. 8, e1001116 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"36629_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27652","volume":"90","author":"KS Vimaleswaran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vimaleswaran, K. S. et al. Physical activity attenuates the body mass index\u2013increasing influence of genetic variation in the FTO gene. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 90, 425\u2013428 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"36629_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003607","volume":"9","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmad, S. et al. Gene \u00d7 physical activity interactions in obesity: Combined analysis of 111,421 individuals of European ancestry. PLoS Genet. 9, 1\u20139 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"36629_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000332","volume":"7","author":"S Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Physical activity attenuates the genetic predisposition to obesity in 20,000 men and women from EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. PLoS Med. 7, 1\u20139 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"36629_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0451-6","volume":"87","author":"S Cauchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cauchi, S. et al. Combined effects of MC4R and FTO common genetic variants on obesity in European general populations. J. Mol. Med. 87, 537\u2013546 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"36629_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95 LP","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0910","volume":"57","author":"CH Andreasen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andreasen, C. H. et al. Low physical activity accentuates the effect of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on body fat accumulation. Diabetes 57, 95 LP\u2013101 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"36629_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, J. R. et al. Attenuation of the effect of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on total and central body fat by physical activity in adolescents. 164, 328\u2013333 (2015).","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.29"},{"key":"36629_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2014.33","volume":"4","author":"W Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson, W. et al. Modification of genetic influences on adiposity between 36 and 63 years of age by physical activity and smoking in the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study. Nutr. Diabetes 4, e136 (2014).","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"36629_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006977","volume":"13","author":"M Rask-Andersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rask-Andersen, M., Karlsson, T., Ek, W. E. & Johansson, \u00c5. Gene-environment interaction study for BMI reveals interactions between genetic factors and physical activity, alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status. PLoS Genet. 13, 1\u201320 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"36629_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5381","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030851","volume":"88","author":"JR Greenfield","year":"2003","unstructured":"Greenfield, J. R. et al. Moderate alcohol consumption, dietary fat composition, and abdominal obesity in women: evidence for gene-environment interaction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 5381\u20135386 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"36629_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.685","volume":"42","author":"IM Heid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heid, I. M. et al. Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution. Nat. Genet. 42, 949\u201360 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"36629_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10000508","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/b6e8f9f6-2496-4a40-b0e3-e1d1390c1928","volume":"5","author":"CM Lindgren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lindgren, C. M. et al. Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution. PLoS Genet. 5, e10000508 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"36629_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvin, C. M. et al. Childhood intelligence in relation to major causes of death in 68 year follow-up: prospective population study. BMJ 357 (2017).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2708"},{"key":"36629_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818ba076","volume":"20","author":"GD Batty","year":"2009","unstructured":"Batty, G. D. et al. IQ in early adulthood and mortality by middle age. Epidemiology 20, 100\u2013109 (2009).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"36629_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-013-9548-z","volume":"37","author":"M Jokela","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jokela, M., Pulkki-R\u00e5back, L., Elovainio, M. & Kivim\u00e4ki, M. Personality traits as risk factors for stroke and coronary heart disease mortality: pooled analysis of three cohort studies. J. Behav. Med. 37, 881\u2013889 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"36629_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31825c85ca","volume":"74","author":"G Hagger-Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hagger-Johnson, G. et al. Neuroticism and cardiovascular disease mortality. Psychosom. Med. 74, 596\u2013603 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"36629_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0908-5","volume":"51","author":"GD Batty","year":"2008","unstructured":"Batty, G. D. et al. Pre-morbid intelligence, the metabolic syndrome and mortality: The Vietnam Experience Study. Diabetologia 51, 436\u2013443 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"36629_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2008.09.004","volume":"37","author":"M Richards","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richards, M. et al. IQ in childhood and the metabolic syndrome in middle age: Extended follow-up of the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study. Intelligence 37, 567\u2013572 (2009).","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"36629_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.01.016","volume":"69","author":"AC Phillips","year":"2010","unstructured":"Phillips, A. C. et al. Neuroticism, cognitive ability, and the metabolic syndrome: The Vietnam Experience Study. J. Psychosom. Res. 69, 193\u2013201 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"36629_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandola, T., Deary, I. J., Blane, D. & Batty, G. D. Childhood IQ in relation to obesity and weight gain in adult life: the National Child Development (1958) Study. Int. J. Obes. 30, 1422\u20131432 (2006).","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803279"},{"key":"36629_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100610387081","volume":"11","author":"IJ Deary","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deary, I. J., Weiss, A. & Batty, G. D. Intelligence and personality as predictors of illness and death: How researchers in differential psychology and chronic disease epidemiology are collaborating to understand and address health inequalities. Psychol. Sci. Public Interes. 11, 53\u201379 (2010).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public Interes."},{"key":"36629_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000184","volume":"34","author":"R M\u00f5ttus","year":"2015","unstructured":"M\u00f5ttus, R., Luciano, M., Sarr, J. M., Mccarthy, M. I. & Deary, I. J. Childhood cognitive ability moderates later-life manifestation of type 2 diabetes genetic risk. Heal. Psychol. Sept. 34, 915\u2013919 (2015).","journal-title":"Heal. Psychol. Sept."},{"key":"36629_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.07.003","volume":"79","author":"I \u010cuki\u0107","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u010cuki\u0107, I. et al. Do personality traits moderate the manifestation of type 2 diabetes genetic risk? J. Psychosom. Res. 79, 303\u2013308 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"36629_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c0d4b6","volume":"73","author":"DR Gustafson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gustafson, D. R. et al. Adiposity indicators and dementia over 32 years in Sweden. Neurology 73, 1559\u20131566 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"36629_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.05.003","volume":"19","author":"P Srikanthan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Srikanthan, P., Seeman, T. E. & Karlamangla, A. S. Waist-hip-ratio as a predictor of all-cause mortality in high-functioning older adults. Ann. Epidemiol. 19, 724\u2013731 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"36629_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.04.004","volume":"72","author":"S-H Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang, S.-H., Beason, T. S., Hunleth, J. M. & Colditz, G. A. A systematic review of body fat distribution and mortality in older people. Maturitas 72, 175\u2013191 (2012).","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"36629_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boutin, E. et al. Interrelations between body mass index, frailty, and clinical adverse events in older community-dwelling women: The EPIDOS cohort study. Clin. Nutr. 1\u20137, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.07.023 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.07.023"},{"key":"36629_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14132","volume":"518","author":"D Shungin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shungin, D. et al. New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution. Nature 518, 187\u2013196 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"36629_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyrrell, J. et al. Evidence that low socioeconomic position accentuates genetic susceptibility to obesity. bioRxiv (2016).","DOI":"10.1101\/074054"},{"key":"36629_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14177","volume":"518","author":"AE Locke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Locke, A. E. et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature 518, 197\u2013206 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"36629_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"M Graff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graff, M. et al. Genome-wide physical activity interactions in adiposity \u2014 A meta-analysis of 200,452 adults. PLoS Genet. 13, 1\u201326 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"36629_CR42","unstructured":"Winkler, T. W. et al. The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study. PLoS Genetics 11 (2015)."},{"key":"36629_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doherty, A. et al. Large scale population assessment of physical activity using wrist worn accelerometers: the UK Biobank study. PLoS One 1\u201314, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0169649 (2017).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169649"},{"key":"36629_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03248.x","volume":"106","author":"A Sobczyk-Kopciol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sobczyk-Kopciol, A. et al. Inverse association of the obesity predisposing FTO rs9939609 genotype with alcohol consumption and risk for alcohol dependence. Addiction 106, 739\u2013748 (2011).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"36629_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(99)80121-8","volume":"53","author":"TJ Cleophas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cleophas, T. J. Wine, beer and spirits and the risk of myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 53, 417\u2013423 (1999).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"36629_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911183412101","volume":"341","author":"K Berger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berger, K. et al. Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of stroke among U.S. male physicians. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 1557\u20131564 (1999).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"36629_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2017.78.375","volume":"78","author":"J Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Stockwell, T., Roemer, A., Naimi, T. & Chikritzhs, T. Alcohol consumption and mortality from coronary heart disease: An updated meta-analysis of cohort studies. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 78, 375\u2013386 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"36629_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, W. et al. Interaction between social\/psychosocial factors and genetic variants on body mass index: A gene-environment interaction analysis in a longitudinal setting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101153"},{"key":"36629_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hagenaars, S. P. et al. Shared genetic aetiology between cognitive functions and physical and mental health in UK Biobank (N\u2009=\u2009112 151) and 24 GWAS consortia. Mol. Psychiatry 031120, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2015.225 (2016).","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.225"},{"key":"36629_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barcellos, S. H., Carvalho, L. S. & Turley, P. Education can reduce health differences related to genetic risk of obesity [Economic Sciences]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1\u20138, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1802909115 (2018).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802909115"},{"key":"36629_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264316678756","author":"EM Hernandez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hernandez, E. M., Margolis, R. & Hummer, R. A. Educational and gender differences in health behavior changes after a gateway diagnosis. J. Aging Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0898264316678756 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"36629_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luciano, M. et al. 116 independent genetic variants influence the neuroticism personality trait in over 329,000 UK Biobank individuals. bioRxiv (2017).","DOI":"10.1101\/168906"},{"key":"36629_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.56","volume":"6","author":"CR Gale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gale, C. R. et al. Pleiotropy between neuroticism and physical and mental health: findings from 108 038 men and women in UK Biobank. Transl. Psychiatry 6, e791 (2016).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"36629_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14977","volume":"8","author":"AE Justice","year":"2017","unstructured":"Justice, A. E. et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of 241,258 adults accounting for smoking behaviour identifies novel loci for obesity traits. Nat. Commun. 8, 1\u201319 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"36629_CR55","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"AE Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor, A. E. et al. Stratification by Smoking Status Reveals an Association of CHRNA5-A3-B4 Genotype with Body Mass Index in Never Smokers. PLoS Genet. 10, 1\u20136 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"36629_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudlow, C. et al. UK Biobank: An open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 12 (2015).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779"},{"key":"36629_CR57","unstructured":"UK Biobank. Anthropometry (Version1.0). Available at: http:\/\/biobank.ctsu.ox.ac.uk\/crystal\/refer.cgi?id=146620 (2014)."},{"key":"36629_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00283-0","volume":"3","author":"LV Wain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wain, L. V. et al. Novel insights into the genetics of smoking behaviour, lung function, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (UK BiLEVE): A genetic association study in UK Biobank. Lancet Respir. Med. 3, 769\u2013781 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"36629_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu848","volume":"31","author":"J Euesden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Euesden, J., Lewis, C. M. & O\u2019Reilly, P. F. PRSice: Polygenic Risk Score software. Bioinformatics 31, 1466\u20131468 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"36629_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wray, N. R. et al. Research Review: Polygenic methods and their application to psychiatric traits. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 55, 1068\u20131087 (2014).","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12295"},{"key":"36629_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piumatti, G., Moore, S. C., Berridge, D. M., Sarkar, C. & Gallacher, J. The relationship between alcohol use and long-term cognitive decline in middle and late life: a longitudinal analysis using UK Biobank. J. Public Health (Bangkok)., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx186 (2018).","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx186"},{"key":"36629_CR62","unstructured":"The IPAQ Group. Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) \u2013 Short and Long Forms, 1\u201315, Available from: http:\/\/www.ipaq.ki.se (2015)."},{"key":"36629_CR63","unstructured":"Townsend, P., Phillimore, P. & Beattie, A. Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North. (Routledge, 1988)."},{"key":"36629_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews, G., Deary, I. & Whiteman, M. Personality Traits. (Cambridge University Press, 2009).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511812743"},{"key":"36629_CR65","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"DM Lyall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lyall, D. M. et al. Cognitive test scores in UK Biobank: Data reduction in 480,416 participants and longitudinal stability in 20,346 participants. PLoS One 11, 1\u201310 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"36629_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-36629-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-36629-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-36629-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T08:02:00Z","timestamp":1720944120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-36629-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["36629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-36629-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"J.G. was the recipient of an MRC grant for staff, from which a salary was paid for C.M.C.; with this exception the authors declare no other financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work, and no non-financial competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"363"}}