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Furthermore, recent publications imply possibly differing rate-dependent effects in hippocampus versus neocortex, but those analyses were carried out separately and with potentially important differences. To more effectively synthesize these questions, we analyzed the firing rate dynamics of populations of neurons in both hippocampal CA1 and frontal cortex under one framework that avoids the pitfalls of previous analyses and accounts for regression to the mean (RTM). We observed several consistent effects across these regions. While rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was marked by decreased hippocampal firing and increased neocortical firing, in both regions firing rate distributions widened during REM due to differential changes in high- versus low-firing rate cells in parallel with increased interneuron activity. In contrast, upon non-REM (NREM) sleep, firing rate distributions narrowed while interneuron firing decreased. Interestingly, hippocampal interneuron activity closely followed the patterns observed in neocortical principal cells rather than the hippocampal principal cells, suggestive of long-range interactions. Following these undulations in variance, the net effect of sleep was a decrease in firing rates. These decreases were greater in lower-firing hippocampal neurons but also higher-firing frontal cortical neurons, suggestive of greater plasticity in these cell groups. Our results across two different regions, and with statistical corrections, indicate that the hippocampus and neocortex show a mixture of differences and similarities as they cycle between sleep states with a unifying characteristic of homogenization of firing during NREM and diversification during REM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36710-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T06:04:17Z","timestamp":1548309857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Neuronal firing rates diverge during REM and homogenize during non-REM"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Miyawaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon O.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-4478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Diba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"36710_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4157","volume":"18","author":"GJ Stuart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stuart, G. 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