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It is also not known whether local anaesthetics (LAs) transferred to the fetal systemic circulation following maternal epidural blockade may affect this process. In the present study, NO generation was evaluated in neutrophils from cord blood (CB, n\u2009=\u200911) and adult blood (n\u2009=\u200910) following exposure to bupivacaine (0.0005, 0.005, 1\u2009mM), lidocaine (0.002, 0.02, 4\u2009mM) and ropivacaine (0.0007, 0.007, 1.4\u2009mM) using flow cytometry, as well as indirectly by determining nitrite concentrations in cell incubation media. To determine the role of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms in NO generation following exposure to LAs, experiments were repeated in the presence of the NOS inhibitors, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>G<\/jats:sup>-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and aminoguanidine; in addition, the expression of NOS isoforms was analysed. CB neutrophils produced less NO than adult neutrophils. LAs, especially ropivacaine and lidocaine, stimulated neutrophil NO generation, but in CB neutrophils this effect was negligible at clinically relevant drug concentrations. A mechanism involving NOS activity was responsible for the observed phenomena. In conclusion, LAs are able to upregulate neutrophil NO production, but in neonates this effect is likely to be clinically insignificant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37090-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T11:05:12Z","timestamp":1548327912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Local anaesthetics upregulate nitric oxide generation in cord blood and adult human neutrophils"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Karolina I.","family":"Kulinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Billert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Sawinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Czerniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Gaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kusza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof W.","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Siemionow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Billert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"37090_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(00)00320-0","volume":"100","author":"S Sethi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sethi, S. & Dikshit, M. 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