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Studies until now only focused on the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    effects of butyrate or assessed local effects in the gut upon butyrate administration. In this trial, we studied the systemic anti-inflammatory effects induced by sodium butyrate supplementation in humans. Nine healthy (Lean) and ten obese (metabolic syndrome group, MetSyn) males were given 4 grams sodium butyrate daily for 4 weeks. PBMCs were isolated before and after supplementation for direct stimulation experiments and induction of trained immunity by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), \u03b2-glucan, or Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine (BCG). Butyrate supplementation moderately affected some of the cytokine responses in the MetSyn group. In the direct stimulation setup, effects of butyrate supplementation were limited. Interestingly, butyrate supplementation decreased oxLDL-induced trained immunity in the MetSyn group for LPS-induced IL-6 responses and Pam3CSK4-induced TNF-\u03b1 responses. Induction of trained immunity by \u03b2-glucan was decreased by butyrate in the MetSyn group for Pam3CSK4-induced IL-10 production. In this study, while having only limited effects on the direct stimulation of cytokine production, butyrate supplementation significantly affected trained immunity in monocytes of obese individuals with metabolic complications. Therefore, oral butyrate supplementation may be beneficial in reducing the overall inflammatory status of circulating monocytes in patients with metabolic syndrome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37246-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,28]],"date-time":"2019-01-28T06:02:48Z","timestamp":1548655368000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Effects of oral butyrate supplementation on inflammatory potential of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy and obese males"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Maartje C. 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