{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T23:03:39Z","timestamp":1781823819555,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent data suggest that reduced sunlight exposure is associated with increased mortality in the general population. To date, the association between sunlight exposure and mortality in dialysis patients has not been examined. Among 134,478 dialysis patients in the Korean end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cohort from 2001 to 2014, 31,291 patients were enrolled from seven metropolitan cities, and data were analyzed using bi-directional case-crossover design. We examined the association between short-term sunlight exposure and mortality in ESRD patients. We adjusted for temperature, humidity, and daily concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), carbon monoxide (CO), and particle matter (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) as confounders. The characteristics of the study population included age (65.6\u2009\u00b1\u200912.26 (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation [SD]) years), sex (male, 59.96%; female, 41.04%), comorbidity (diabetes, 53.58%; hypertension, 40.5%), and kidney dialysis type (hemodialysis, 73.02%; peritoneal dialysis, 26.98%). The mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD follow-up time was 4.68\u2009\u00b1\u20094.37 years. The daily sunlight exposure was significantly decreased in the case group compared with the control group (P\u2009=\u20090.004). Sunlight exposure was associated with all-cause death overall (ORs [95% CI]: 0.99 [0.98\u20130.99], P\u2009=\u20090.042) in a fully adjusted model. Patients with diabetes (ORs [95% CI]: 0.98 [0.97\u20130.99], P\u2009=\u20090.016) or aged higher than 75 years (ORs [95% CI]; 0.97 [0.96\u20130.99], P\u2009=\u20090.020) had higher risks of mortality than patients without diabetes or aged below 75 years, respectively. These findings suggest that sunlight exposure is inversely correlated with all-cause mortality in dialysis patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38522-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T11:03:22Z","timestamp":1550487802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The impact of sunlight exposure on mortality of patients with end stage renal disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Una Amelia","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6041-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyewon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soie","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Nam","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5195-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Ki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yon Su","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Soo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Pyo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"38522_CR1","unstructured":"IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 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