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To date, knowledge about the nature and duration of these tDCS induced effects is incomplete. We aimed to investigate long-term effects of anodal tDCS over M1 on GABA dynamics in humans. Repeated magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was employed to measure relative GABA concentration in M1 for approximately 64\u2009minutes after stimulation. The study was performed on 32 healthy subjects. Either anodal or sham tDCS were applied for 10\u2009minutes with the active electrode over the left M1 and the reference electrode over the right supra-orbital region. Pre and post-tDCS MRS scans were performed to acquire GABA-edited spectra using 3\u2009T Prisma Siemens scanner. GABA signals showed no change over time in the sham tDCS group, whereas anodal tDCS resulted in a significant early decrease within 25\u2009minutes after tDCS and then significant late decrease after 66\u2009minutes which continued until the last test measurements. The late changes in GABA concentration might be related to long-term plasticity mechanism. These results contribute to a better understanding of the neurochemical mechanism underlying long-term cortical plasticity following anodal tDCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39262-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T11:49:58Z","timestamp":1551181798000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the motor cortex reveals long term GABA change following anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4447-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harshal Jayeshkumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Romanzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Pellicano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Reetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Binkofski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"39262_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.6.2543","volume":"71","author":"G Hess","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hess, G. & Donoghue, J. 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