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Thirty-six caf\u00e9s were selected and the concentration of three pollutants including formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and nicotine were measured in both indoor and outdoor air of caf\u00e9s two times (week-day and weekend\u2019s session). Air sampling was performed for 180\u2009min for each pollutant. It was observed that the concentration of pollutants inside the caf\u00e9s was higher during weekend session (with a higher number of \u201cactive waterpipe heads\u201d) compared with findings during the week-day sessions. Furthermore, the concentration of pollutants in the indoor air of the caf\u00e9s was significantly higher than that of the outdoors (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). According to path analysis, the number of \u201cactive waterpipe heads\u201d had the maximum impact on generation of pollutants inside the caf\u00e9s, followed by the type of tobacco as the second influential factor. The average of lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) resulted by formaldehyde exposure through inhalation in waterpipe (WS), cigarette (CS), waterpipe and cigarette (WCS) and none-smoking (NS) caf\u00e9s in week-day and weekend sessions were estimated to be 111\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup> and 61.2\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>, 33.7\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup> and 39.4\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>, 271\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup> and 322\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>, and 4.80\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup> and 5.90\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>, respectively, which exceed the limit value by the U.S.EPA and WHO. The concentration of pollutants in the indoor air of smoking caf\u00e9s in Tehran is significantly high, such that it can pose serious risks for the health of both personnel and customers. 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