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Our <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model enables blood neutrophil transepithelial migration into cell-free tracheal aspirate fluid from patients to recapitulate the primary airway neutrophil phenotype observed <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Neutrophils transmigrated through our model toward airway fluid from children with lower respiratory viral infections coinfected with bacteria had elevated levels of neutrophil activation markers but paradoxically exhibited an inability to kill bacteria and a defective respiratory burst compared with children without bacterial coinfection. The airway fluid from children with bacterial coinfections had higher levels of neutrophil elastase activity, as well as myeloperoxidase levels compared to children without bacterial coinfection. Neutrophils transmigrated into the aspirate fluid from children with bacterial coinfection showed decreased respiratory burst and killing activity against <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>influenzae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> compared to those transmigrated into the aspirate fluid from children without bacterial coinfection. Use of a novel transmigration model recapitulates this pathological phenotype <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> that would otherwise be impossible in a patient, opening avenues for future mechanistic and therapeutic research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39726-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T11:27:43Z","timestamp":1551266863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Neutrophil Dysfunction in the Airways of Children with Acute Respiratory Failure Due to Lower Respiratory Tract Viral and Bacterial Coinfections"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jocelyn R.","family":"Grunwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent D.","family":"Giacalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Margaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1537-7188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian S.","family":"Dobosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milton R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3526-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabindra","family":"Tirouvanziam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"39726_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90168-7","volume":"2","author":"DG Ashbaugh","year":"1967","unstructured":"Ashbaugh, D. 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