{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:20:56Z","timestamp":1790439656014,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Assessments of standardized region\/population-specific audiological characteristics are needed for provision of effective rehabilitative services through reducing costs associated with hearing aids. This study aims to propose a set of standard audiograms representing the Korean population that were derived by analyzing data from the 2009\u20132012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), a nationwide epidemiologic study conducted by Korean government organizations. Standard audiograms were derived by applying a hierarchical clustering method from recorded audiologic data that were obtained independently at 6 frequencies for each ear: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 6.0\u2009kHz (in dB HL). To derive the optimal number of clusters of the desired standard audiograms, cubic clustering criterion, pseudo-F-, and pseudo-t2-statistics were calculated. These analyses resulted in 29 clusters representing a standard audiogram of the South Korean population. Eighteen of the clusters represented normal hearing audiograms (73.11%), while 11 represented hearing-impaired (HI) standard audiograms (27.89%). Of the 11 HI audiograms, 7 were defined as flat-type (17.81%), while the remaining 4 were defined as sloping-type (9.08%). In conclusion, 29 audiograms representing standard audiograms for the Korean population have been derived using KNHANES data. Improved understanding of the characteristics of each cluster may be helpful for development of more personalized, fixed-setting hearing aids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40300-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T06:07:05Z","timestamp":1551852425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Standard Audiograms for Koreans Derived through Hierarchical Clustering Using Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Young-Soo","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hoon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Ryoul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Sang","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hwa","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il Joon","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"40300_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO global estimates on prevalence of hearing loss. Geneva: World Health Organization (2012)."},{"key":"40300_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-011-0298-8","volume":"13","author":"FR Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin, F. R. et al. Association of skin color, race\/ethnicity, and hearing loss among adults in the USA. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 13, 109\u2013117 (2012).","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology"},{"key":"40300_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2015.01690","volume":"10","author":"SH Yoon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yoon, S. H. et al. A Trainable Hearing Aid Algorithm Reflecting Individual Preferences for Degree of Noise-Suppression, Input Sound Level, and Listening Situation. Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol. 10, 56 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"40300_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300078","volume":"101","author":"ME Fischer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fischer, M. E. et al. Determinants of hearing aid acquisition in older adults. Am. J. Public Health 101, 1449\u20131455 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"40300_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000441036.40169.29","volume":"35","author":"KE Bainbridge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bainbridge, K. E. & Ramachandran, V. Hearing aid use among older U.S. adults; the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2005\u20132006 and 2009\u20132010. Ear Hear. 35, 289\u2013294, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aud.0000441036.40169.29 (2014).","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"40300_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713810379609","volume":"14","author":"N Bisgaard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bisgaard, N., Vlaming, M. S. & Dahlquist, M. Standard audiograms for the IEC 60118-15 measurement procedure. Trends in amplification 14, 113\u2013120 (2010).","journal-title":"Trends in amplification"},{"key":"40300_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303176","volume":"106","author":"J Blustein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blustein, J. & Weinstein, B. E. Opening the Market for Lower Cost Hearing Aids: Regulatory Change Can Improve the Health of Older Americans. Am. J. Public Health 106, 1032\u20131035, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303176 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"40300_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2010.3.4.183","volume":"3","author":"Y-S Cho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cho, Y.-S. et al. Prevalence of otolaryngologic diseases in South Korea: data from the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2008. Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol. 3, 183 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"40300_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012628","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012628","volume":"6","author":"Y-S Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang, Y.-S., Choi, J. E., Kim, S. W., Baek, S.-Y. & Cho, Y.-S. Prevalence and associated factors of facial palsy and lifestyle characteristics: data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010\u20132012. BMJ open 6, e012628 (2016).","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"40300_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140024","volume":"24","author":"KH Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park, K. H. et al. Prevalence and associated factors of tinnitus: data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009\u20132011. J. Epidemiol. 24, 417\u2013426 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"40300_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt228","volume":"43","author":"S Kweon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kweon, S. et al. Data Resource Profile: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 69\u201377, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyt228 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"40300_CR12","unstructured":"Sarle, W. S. & Institute, S. Cubic Clustering Criterion. (SAS Institute, 1983)."},{"key":"40300_CR13","unstructured":"Institute, S. SAS\/STAT user\u2019s guide: version 6. Vol. 2 (Sas Inst, 1990)."},{"key":"40300_CR14","first-page":"42","volume":"4","author":"J Jerger","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jerger, J., Chmiel, R., Stach, B. & Spretnjak, M. Gender affects audiometric shape in presbyacusis. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 4, 42\u201349 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"40300_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Consensus conference. Noise and hearing loss. JAMA 263, 3185\u20133190 (1990).","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.263.23.3185"},{"key":"40300_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5278.43260","volume":"12","author":"SS Nandi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nandi, S. S. & Dhatrak, S. V. Occupational noise-induced hearing loss in India. Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med. 12, 53\u201356, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5278.43260 (2008).","journal-title":"Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"40300_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e271","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0000000000001071","volume":"37","author":"AF Ryan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ryan, A. F., Kujawa, S. G., Hammill, T., Le Prell, C. & Kil, J. Temporary and Permanent Noise-induced Threshold Shifts: A Review of Basic and Clinical Observations. Otol. Neurotol. 37, e271\u2013275, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mao.0000000000001071 (2016).","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"40300_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1280850","volume":"137","author":"Y-S Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang, Y.-S., Bang, K. H., Jeong, B. & Lee, G.-G. Effects of early intratympanic steroid injection in patients with acoustic trauma caused by gunshot noise. Acta Otolaryngol. 137, 716\u2013719 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"40300_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009713","volume":"148","author":"KJ Cruickshanks","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cruickshanks, K. J. et al. Prevalence of hearing loss in older adults in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin: The epidemiology of hearing loss study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 148, 879\u2013886 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"40300_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199008000-00001","volume":"11","author":"GA Gates","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gates, G. A., Cooper, J. J., Kannel, W. B. & Miller, N. J. Hearing in the elderly: the Framingham cohort, 1983\u20131985. Part I. Basic audiometric test results. Ear Hear. 11, 247\u2013256 (1990).","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"40300_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/010503998420324","volume":"27","author":"R J\u00f6nsson","year":"1998","unstructured":"J\u00f6nsson, R., Rosenhall, U., Gause-Nilsson, I. & Steen, B. Auditory function in 70-and 75-year-olds of four age cohorts. Scand. Audiol. 27, 81\u201393 (1998).","journal-title":"Scand. Audiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-40300-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-40300-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-40300-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T02:06:05Z","timestamp":1671242765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-40300-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["40300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-40300-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"3675"}}