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The objectives of this work were to characterise a new capsular operon of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates and study their resistance mechanisms using whole-genome sequencing. All strains were resistant to: \u00df-lactams, via amino acid changes in PBP3 (S385T, I442F, V511A, N526K and V562I); quinolones, by alterations in GyrA (S84F and D88Y) and ParC (S84F and S138T); chloramphenicol, through the presence of <jats:italic>catS<\/jats:italic>; macrolides, via the presence of <jats:italic>mel<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>mef(E)<\/jats:italic>-carrying MEGA element; and tetracycline, through the presence of <jats:italic>tet(M)<\/jats:italic> and\/or <jats:italic>tet(B)<\/jats:italic>. Phylogenetic analysis revealed high genomic diversity when compared to the <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic> genomes available on the NCBI, the isolates from this study being closely related to the Swiss XDR AE-2096513. A full capsular operon showing homology to that of <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> was identified, in accordance with the observation of a capsular structure by TEM. This study describes for the first time a capsular operon in <jats:italic>H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>, a major determinant of pathogenicity that may contribute to increased virulence in XDR clinical isolates. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis suggests the possible spread of an XDR-encapsulated strain in Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40812-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T12:06:06Z","timestamp":1552565166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Identification of polysaccharide capsules among extensively drug-resistant genitourinary Haemophilus parainfluenzae isolates"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Aida","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fe","family":"Tubau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanik","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meritxell","family":"Cubero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0817-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"C\u00e0mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Ayats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Bajanca-Lavado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ardanuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"40812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00103-13","volume":"27","author":"N N\u00f8rskov-Lauritsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"N\u00f8rskov-Lauritsen, N. 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