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Tumors are widespread in the brain at time of diagnosis, limiting surgery and radiotherapy effectiveness. Drugs are also poorly effective. Radiotherapy (RT) is limited by dose to normal tissue. However, high-atomic-number elements absorb X-rays and deposit the absorbed dose locally, even doubling (or more) the local dose. Previously we showed that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with RT could eradicate some brain tumors in mice and many other preclinical studies confirmed AuNPs as outstanding radioenhancers. However, impediments to clinical translation of AuNPs have been poor clearance, skin discoloration, and cost. We therefore developed iodine nanoparticles (INPs) that are almost colorless, non-toxic, lower cost, and have reasonable clearance, thus overcoming major drawbacks of AuNPs. Here we report the use of iodine nanoparticle radiotherapy (INRT) in treating advanced human gliomas (U87) grown orthotopically in nude mice resulting in a more than a doubling of median life extension compared to RT alone. Significantly, INRT also enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapy when it was combined with the chemotherapeutic agent Doxil, resulting in some longer-term survivors. While ongoing optimization studies should further improve INRT, clinical translation appears promising.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41174-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T12:06:06Z","timestamp":1552565166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Iodine nanoparticles enhance radiotherapy of intracerebral human glioma in mice and increase efficacy of chemotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"James F.","family":"Hainfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharif M.","family":"Ridwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaroslav","family":"Stanishevskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Panchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel N.","family":"Slatkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry M.","family":"Smilowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"41174_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-22-261-521","volume":"22","author":"FW Spiers","year":"1949","unstructured":"Spiers, F. 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