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The purpose of this work was to selectively highlight such cell assemblies by magnetic resonance imaging using signals from water protons that are associated with intracellular paramagnetic ions, while saturating lipid-associated water protons as well as extracellular free water protons. Given the significant correlation between image signal intensity and water proton density, the high signal intensities observed for such cell assemblies must be attributed to their abundant paramagnetic-ion-associated water protons. In the hippocampal formation, the technique visualized cell assemblies that were so far not depicted in human <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. In the brainstem, the technique delineated noradrenergic neuron groups such as the locus coeruleus in human and mice <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Their reduced magnetization-transfer ratios together with their prolonged relaxation times compared to other gray matter indicate that the source of their high signal intensity is not the presence of T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-shortening molecules, e.g., neuromelanin, but their high water content. Given the general absence of neuromelanin in noradrenergic neurons of rodents, their high signal intensity in mice <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> further supports this view.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41587-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T11:03:11Z","timestamp":1553511791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging of brain cell water"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4096-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengguo","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Frahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"41587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1006\/jmrb.1994.1039","volume":"103","author":"JS Schoeniger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schoeniger, J. 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