{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:44:58Z","timestamp":1793731498585,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009425","name":"Landsteiner Foundation for Blood Transfusion Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>During pregnancy, maternal T cells can enter the foetus, leading to maternal-foetal chimerism. This phenomenon may affect how leukaemia patients respond to transplantation therapy using stem cells from cord blood (CB). It has been proposed that maternal T cells, primed to inherited paternal HLAs, are present in CB transplants and help to suppress leukaemic relapse. Several studies have reported evidence for the presence of maternal T cells in most CBs at sufficiently high numbers to lend credence to this idea. We here aimed to functionally characterise maternal T cells from CB. To our surprise, we could not isolate viable maternal cells from CB even after using state-of-the-art enrichment techniques that allow detection of viable cells in heterologous populations at frequencies that were several orders of magnitude lower than reported frequencies of maternal T cells in CB. In support of these results, we could only detect maternal DNA in a minority of samples and at insufficient amounts for reliable quantification through a sensitive PCR-based assay to measure In\/Del polymorphisms. We conclude that maternal microchimerism is far less prominent than reported, at least in our cohort of CBs, and discuss possible explanations and implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41733-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T16:49:55Z","timestamp":1553705395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Determining the extent of maternal-foetal chimerism in cord blood"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rianne","family":"Opstelten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon C.","family":"Slot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neubury M.","family":"Lardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjan C.","family":"Lankester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7805-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arend","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans H. J.","family":"Claas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon J.","family":"van Rood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derk","family":"Amsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"41733_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01002.x","volume":"241","author":"A Munoz-Suano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Munoz-Suano, A., Hamilton, A. B. & Betz, A. G. Gimme shelter: The immune system during pregnancy. Immunol. Rev. 241, 20\u201338 (2011).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"41733_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Kampen, C. A. et al. Pregnancy can induce long-persisting primed CTLs specific for inherited paternal HLA antigens. Hum. 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Results of an unrelated transplant search strategy using partially HLA-mismatched cord blood as an immediate alternative to HLA-matched bone marrow. Bone Marrow Transplant. 33, 605\u2013611 (2004).","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"41733_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119541109","volume":"109","author":"JJ van Rood","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Rood, J. J., Scaradavou, A. & Stevens, C. E. From the Cover: Indirect evidence that maternal microchimerism in cord blood mediates a graft-versus-leukemia effect in cord blood transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 2509\u20132514 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"41733_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164511","volume":"322","author":"JE Mold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mold, J. E. et al. Maternal alloantigens promote the development of tolerogenic fetal regulatory T cells in utero. 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