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To characterise the metabolic changes in the joints of animals with ARA, we performed an untargeted gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic analysis of synovial fluid. Seven heifers were challenged with an intraruminal oligofructose overload (13\u2009g\/kg of body weight [BW]) dissolved in water. Synovial fluid samples were collected at 0, 9 and 24\u2009h post-overload. Metabolome analysis revealed the presence of 67 metabolites. At 9\u2009h post-overload, glyceric acid, cellobiose, fructose and lactic acid were all increased, whereas at 24\u2009h, sorbitol, lactic acid and fructose levels were all increased &gt;10-fold. At 24\u2009h, citric acid and threonine levels were significantly reduced. We detected increased L- and D-lactate, and the presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in synovial fluid. Furthermore, using bovine fibroblast-like synoviocytes, we observed that D-lactate induces IL-6 synthesis. Our results suggest that ARA produces severe metabolomic changes in synovial fluid, including disturbances in starch and sucrose metabolism, and increased lactate levels. These changes were observed prior to the appearance of synovitis, suggesting a potential role in the onset of polysynovitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42007-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T11:29:55Z","timestamp":1554118195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Metabolic disturbances in synovial fluid are involved in the onset of synovitis in heifers with acute ruminal acidosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Alarcon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra I.","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Manosalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Cristi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Teuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael A.","family":"Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"42007_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.016","volume":"176","author":"JC Plaizier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Plaizier, J. 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