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The degree of constriction \u201ctightness\u201d dictates the TAC severity and is determined by the gauge (G) of needle used. Though many reports use the TAC model, few studies have directly compared the range of resulting phenotypes. In this study adult male mice were randomized to receive TAC surgery with varying degrees of tightness: mild (25G), moderate (26G) or severe (27G) for 4 weeks, alongside sham-operated controls. Weekly echocardiography and terminal haemodynamic measurements determined cardiac remodelling and function. All TAC models induced significant, severity-dependent left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction compared to sham mice. Mice subjected to 26G TAC additionally exhibited mild systolic dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis, whereas mice in the 27G TAC group had more severe systolic and diastolic dysfunction, severe cardiac fibrosis, and were more likely to display features of heart failure, such as elevated plasma BNP. We also observed renal atrophy in 27G TAC mice, in the absence of renal structural, functional or gene expression changes. 25G, 26G and 27G TAC produced different responses in terms of cardiac structure and function. These distinct phenotypes may be useful in different preclinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42209-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T06:18:48Z","timestamp":1554877128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Distinct Phenotypes Induced by Three Degrees of Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9097-9325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Aronovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Calamaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather K.","family":"Bowditch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyllis","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon S.","family":"Huggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Blanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"42209_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31071-1","volume":"390","author":"M Metra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Metra, M. & Teerlink, J. 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