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We also compared eDNA concentrations between before and after artificially induced spawning activities. eDNA was not detected from three 30\u2009L seawater tanks containing each single fertilized egg, but eDNA was found from other tanks each containing single individuals of larval\u00a0stages (preleptocephalus and leptocephalus), juvenile\u00a0stages (glass eel, elver and yellow eel) or adult\u00a0stage (silver eel). The eDNA concentrations increased in the life history stages, showed a significant difference among all stages, and were positively correlated with the total length and wet weight. Moreover, the eDNA concentration after spawning was 10\u2013200 times higher than that before spawning, which indicated that the spawning events in the ocean would produce relatively high eDNA concentration. These results in the laboratory suggested that eDNA analysis appears to be an effective method for assisting oceanic surveys to estimate the presence and spawning events of the Japanese eel in the spawning area.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42641-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1555308172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Release of eDNA by different life history stages and during spawning activities of laboratory-reared Japanese eels for interpretation of oceanic survey data"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Aya","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Kakuzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Horie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Mikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahito","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Tsukamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"42641_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02242.x","volume":"74","author":"K Tsukamoto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tsukamoto, K. 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