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In this study, the effects of pre-sowing seed treatment using 200\u2009Pa vacuum (7\u2009min), 5.28\u2009MHz radio-frequency cold plasma (CP \u22122, 5, and 7\u2009min) and electromagnetic field (EMF \u22125, 10, 15\u2009min) on seed germination kinetics, content of phytohormones, morphometric parameters of seedlings and leaf proteome were assessed. CP 7\u2009min and EMF 15\u2009min treatments caused 19\u201324% faster germination\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; germination in the substrate was accelerated by vacuum (9%) and EMF 15\u2009min (17%). The stressors did not change the seed germination percentage, with exception of EMF 5\u2009min treatment that caused a decrease by 7.5%. Meanwhile both CP 7\u2009min and EMF 15\u2009min treatments stimulated germination, but the EMF treatment resulted in higher weight of leaves. Stressor-specific changes in phytohormone balance were detected in seeds: vacuum treatment decreased zeatin amount by 39%; CP treatments substantially increased gibberellin content, but other effects strongly varied with the treatment duration; the abscisic acid content was reduced by 55\u201360% after the EMF treatment. Analysis of the proteome showed that short exposure of seeds to the EMF or CP induced a similar long-term effect on gene expression in leaves, mostly stimulating expression of proteins involved in photosynthetic processes and their regulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42893-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T06:03:39Z","timestamp":1555999419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Treatment of Common Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) 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