{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:49:46Z","timestamp":1787003386309,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41702379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41702379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Yiyuan hominin fossil site is one of the few localities in China where a partial skullcap and several loose teeth of\n                    <jats:italic>Homo erectus<\/jats:italic>\n                    have been discovered. Yiyuan was previously assigned broadly to the Middle Pleistocene by biostratigraphical correlation and ESR\/U-series dating. Here, we report the first application of a radio-isotopic dating method to the site.\n                    <jats:sup>26<\/jats:sup>\n                    Al\/\n                    <jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\n                    Be burial dating results derived from two sand samples from the fossiliferous deposits show that the hominin fossils can be confidently dated to 0.64\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u2009Ma (million years ago). The reliability of this age is supported by the zero age of modern fluvial sediment near the cave. Our result is consistent with the age estimation based on biostratigraphic correlation and supports the argument that the Yiyuan and Zhoukoudian Locality 1\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>H. erectus<\/jats:italic>\n                    fossils are contemporaneous. The results presented here, along with other recent chronological studies on Chinese Middle Pleistocene hominin sites, indicate that the time span from 600\u2013400 ka (thousand years ago) is a critical period for human evolution in East Asia. Importantly, this time bracket includes several major climatic changes that would have influenced hominins, both morphologically and behaviorally.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43401-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T20:21:22Z","timestamp":1557174082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["26Al\/10Be Burial Dating of the Middle Pleistocene Yiyuan Hominin Fossil Site, Shandong Province, Northern China"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengkai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongping","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongchen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanjun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryl","family":"Granger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"43401_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/468512a","volume":"468","author":"R Dennell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dennell, R. Early Homo sapiens in China. Nature 468, 512 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43401_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, C. J., Douka, K. & Petraglia, M. D. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives. Science 358 (2017).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai9067"},{"key":"43401_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2002.0601","volume":"43","author":"G Shen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shen, G. et al. U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China. J. Hum. Evol. 43, 817\u2013829 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.05.002","volume":"65","author":"G Shen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shen, G. et al. Mass spectrometric U-series dating of Huanglong Cave in Hubei Province, central China: Evidence for early presence of modern humans in eastern Asia. J. Hum. Evol. 65, 162\u2013167 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19201","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014386107","volume":"107","author":"W Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Human remains from Zhirendong, South China, and modern human emergence in East Asia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 19201\u201319206 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"43401_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15696","volume":"526","author":"W Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China. Nature 526, 696 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43401_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.06.051","volume":"354","author":"CJ Bae","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bae, C. J. et al. Modern human teeth from Late Pleistocene Luna Cave (Guangxi, China). Quat. Int. 354, 169\u2013183 (2014).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"43401_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.07.008","volume":"101","author":"V Michel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michel, V. et al. The earliest modern Homo sapiens in China? J. Hum. Evol. 101, 101\u2013104 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:6<218::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"6","author":"GP Rightmire","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rightmire, G. P. Human evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The role of Homo heidelbergensis. Evol. Anthropol. 6, 218\u2013227 (1998).","journal-title":"Evol. Anthropol."},{"key":"43401_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-6182(00)00079-3","volume":"75","author":"GP Rightmire","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rightmire, G. P. Patterns of hominid evolution and dispersal in the Middle Pleistocene. Quat. Int. 75, 77\u201384 (2001).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"43401_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.1057","volume":"367","author":"CB Stringer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stringer, C. B. Modern human origins: progress and prospects. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B 367, 563\u2013579 (2002).","journal-title":"Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B"},{"key":"43401_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21311","volume":"21","author":"CB Stringer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stringer, C. B. The status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908). Evol. Anthropol. 21, 101\u2013107 (2012).","journal-title":"Evol. Anthropol."},{"issue":"Suppl 51","key":"43401_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21442","volume":"143","author":"CJ Bae","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bae, C. J. The late Middle Pleistocene hominin fossil record of eastern Asia: synthesis and review. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 143(Suppl 51), 75\u201393 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"43401_CR14","first-page":"4","volume":"4","author":"CJ Bae","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bae, C. J. Archaic Homo sapiens. Nature Education Knowledge 4, 4 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature Education Knowledge"},{"key":"43401_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2018.03.015","volume":"512","author":"CJ Bae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae, C. J., Li, F., Cheng, L., Wang, W. & Hong, H. Hominin distribution and density patterns in Pleistocene China: Climatic influences. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoecol. 512, 118\u2013131 (2018).","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"43401_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.10.012","volume":"64","author":"W Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Late Middle Pleistocene hominin teeth from Panxian Dadong, South China. J. Hum. Evol. 64, 337\u2013355 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR17","unstructured":"Wu, X. Z. & Poirier, F. E. Human Evolution in China. (Oxford University Press, 1995)."},{"key":"43401_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2009.02.020","volume":"211","author":"GJ Shen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shen, G. J., Fang, Y. S., Bischoff, J. L., Feng, Y. X. & Zhao, J. X. Mass spectrometric U-series dating of Chaoxian hominin site at Yinshan, eastern China. Quat. Int. 211, 24\u201348 (2010).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"43401_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2014.06.004","volume":"23","author":"GJ Shen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shen, G. J. et al. Age of Maba hominin site in southern China: Evidence from U-series dating of Southern Branch Cave. Quat. Geochronol. 23, 56\u201362 (2014).","journal-title":"Quat. Geochronol."},{"key":"43401_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Yi, S., Lu, H. & Zhang, W. TT-OSL and post-IR IRSL dating of the Dali Man site in central China. Quat. Int. 434 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.05.027"},{"key":"43401_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.11.107","volume":"434","author":"H Tu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tu, H. et al. U-series dating of hominin fossil-bearing Panlong Cave in Guangdong Province, southern China. Quat. Int. 434, 92\u201398 (2017).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"43401_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2015.01.011","volume":"30","author":"JF Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, J. F., Huang, W. W., Hu, Y., Yang, S. X. & Zhou, L. P. Optical dating of flowstone and silty carbonate-rich sediments from Panxian Dadong Cave, Guizhou, southwestern China. Quat. Geochronol. 30, 479\u2013486 (2015).","journal-title":"Quat. Geochronol."},{"key":"43401_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2003.09.004","volume":"331","author":"GJ Shen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shen, G. J., Cheng, H. & Edwards, R. L. Mass spectrometric U-series dating of New Cave at Zhoukoudian, China. J. Archaeol. Sci. 331, 337\u2013342 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"43401_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2001.0516","volume":"41","author":"GJ Shen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shen, G. J. et al. High-precision U-series dating of Locality 1 at Zhoukoudian, China. J. Hum. Evol. 41, 679\u2013688 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14268","volume":"522","author":"DE Granger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Granger, D. E. et al. New cosmogenic burial ages for Sterkfontein Member 2 Australopithecus and Member 5 Oldowan. Nature 522, 85\u201388 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43401_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(01)00309-0","volume":"188","author":"DE Granger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Granger, D. E. & Muzikar, P. F. Dating sediment burial with in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides: theory, techniques, and limitations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 188, 269\u2013281 (2001).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"43401_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2016.04.003","volume":"34","author":"ZJ Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao, Z. J. et al. A test of the isochron burial dating method on fluvial gravels within the Pulu volcanic sequence, West Kunlun Mountains, China. Quat. Geochronol. 34, 75\u201380 (2016).","journal-title":"Quat. Geochronol."},{"key":"43401_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07741","volume":"458","author":"GJ Shen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shen, G. J., Gao, X., Gao, B. & Granger, D. E. Age of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus determined with 26Al\/10Be burial dating. Nature 458, 198\u2013200 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43401_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.10.028","volume":"389","author":"X Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, X., Shen, G., Tu, H., Lu, C. & Granger, D. E. Initial 26Al\/10Be burial dating of the hominin site Bailong Cave in Hubei Province, central China. Quat. Int. 389, 235\u2013240 (2015).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"43401_CR30","first-page":"301","volume":"8","author":"ZE L\u00fc","year":"1989","unstructured":"L\u00fc, Z. E., Huang, Y. P., Li, P. S. & Meng, Z. Y. Yiyuan Fossil Man (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Athropol. Sin. 8, 301\u2013313 (1989).","journal-title":"Acta Athropol. Sin."},{"key":"43401_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.03.008","volume":"354","author":"C Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun, C. et al. Interproximal grooves on the Middle Pleistocene hominin teeth from Yiyuan, Shandong Province: New evidence for tooth-picking behavior from eastern China. Quat. Int. 354, 162\u2013168 (2014).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"43401_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.03.004","volume":"95","author":"S Xing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xing, S. et al. Hominin teeth from the Middle Pleistocene site of Yiyuan, Eastern China. J. Hum. Evol. 95, 33\u201354 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR33","unstructured":"Hu, C. K. In Multi-disciplinary Study of the Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian (in Chinese) (ed. Wu, R. K.) 107\u2013113 (Science Press, 1985)."},{"key":"43401_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.09.019","volume":"400","author":"W Dong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dong, W. Biochronological framework of Homo erectus horizons in China. Quat. Int. 400, 47\u201357 (2016).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"43401_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-5894(89)90077-X","volume":"32","author":"ZS An","year":"1989","unstructured":"An, Z. S. & Ho, C. K. New magnetostratigraphic dates of Lantian Homo erectus. Quat. Res. 32, 213\u2013221 (1989).","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"43401_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.05.052","volume":"400","author":"F Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, F. et al. Coupled ESR and U-series dating of fossil teeth from Yiyuan hominin site, northern China. Quat. Int. 400, 195\u2013201 (2016).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"43401_CR37","unstructured":"Granger, D. E. In situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides and quantification of geological processes. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 415 (eds Siame, L., Bourl\u00e8s, D. L. & Brown, E. T.) 1\u201316 (2006)."},{"key":"43401_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granger, D. E. In Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn Vol. 14 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. K.) 81\u201397 (Elsevier, 2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-095975-7.01208-0"},{"key":"43401_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-583X(00)00087-2","volume":"172","author":"DE Granger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Granger, D. E. & Smith, A. L. Dating buried sediments using radioactive decay and muogenic production of 26Al and 10Be. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 172, 822\u2013826 (2000).","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B"},{"key":"43401_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(98)00086-5","volume":"27","author":"J Dunne","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dunne, J., Elmore, D. & Muzikar, P. Scaling factors for the rates of production of cosmogenic nuclides for geometric shielding and attenuation at depth on sloped surfaces. Geomorphol. 27, 3\u201311 (1999).","journal-title":"Geomorphol."},{"key":"43401_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1997.0211","volume":"34","author":"R Gr\u00fcn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcn, R. et al. ESR and U-series analyses of teeth from the palaeoanthropological site of Hexian, Anhui Province, China. J. Hum. Evol. 34, 555\u2013564 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"CP Groves","year":"1994","unstructured":"Groves, C. P. & Lahr, M. M. A bush not a ladder: speciation and replacement in human evolution. Perspectives in Human Biology 4, 1\u201311 (1994).","journal-title":"Perspectives in Human Biology"},{"key":"43401_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.10.001","volume":"78","author":"ZY Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu, Z. Y. et al. New dating of the Homo erectus cranium from Lantian (Gongwangling), China. J. Hum. Evol. 78, 144\u2013157 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2017.04.004","volume":"41","author":"H Tu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tu, H., Shen, G. J., Granger, D. E., Yang, X. Y. & Lai, Z. P. Isochron 26Al\/10Be burial dating of the Lantian hominin site at Gongwangling in northwestern China. Quat. Geochronol. 41, 174\u2013179 (2017).","journal-title":"Quat. Geochronol."},{"key":"43401_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.08.005","volume":"55","author":"RX Zhu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhu, R. X. et al. Early evidence of the genus Homo in East Asia. J. Hum. Evol. 55, 1075\u20131085 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/35096551","volume":"413","author":"RX Zhu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhu, R. X. et al. Earliest presence of humans in northeast Asia. Nature 413, 413\u2013417 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43401_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02829","volume":"431","author":"RX Zhu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhu, R. X. et al. New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia. Nature 431, 559\u2013562 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43401_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/368545a0","volume":"368","author":"TM Chen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chen, T. M., Yang, Q. & Wu, E. Antiquity of Homo sapiens in China. Nature 368, 55\u201356 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43401_CR49","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Shen, G. J., Fu, R. Y. & Zhao, J. -X. Preliminary results of U-series dating of Miaohoushan site in Benxi, Liaoning Province. Southeast Culture, 54\u201357 (2007)."},{"key":"43401_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(00)00143-6","volume":"179","author":"F Schmieder","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schmieder, F., von Dobeneck, T. & Bleil, U. The Mid-Pleistocene climate transition as documented in the deep South Atlantic Ocean: initiation, interim state and terminal event. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 179, 539\u2013549 (2000).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"43401_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2006.07.008","volume":"25","author":"PU Clark","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clark, P. U. et al. The middle Pleistocene transition: characteristics, mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric pCO2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 25, 3150\u20133184 (2006).","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"43401_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.02.006","volume":"55","author":"CJ Norton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Norton, C. J. & Gao, X. Hominin-carnivore interactions during the Chinese Early Paleolithic: Taphonomic perspectives from Xujiayao. J. Hum. Evol. 55, 164\u2013178 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2004.04.075","volume":"223-224","author":"K Nishiizumi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nishiizumi, K. Preparation of 26Al AMS standards. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 223-224, 388\u2013392 (2004).","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B"},{"key":"43401_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2007.01.297","volume":"258","author":"K Nishiizumi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nishiizumi, K. et al. Absolute calibration of 10Be AMS standards. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 258, 403\u2013413 (2007).","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B"},{"key":"43401_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.06.003","volume":"349","author":"ZT Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, Z. T. et al. Study on stratigraphic age, climate changes and environment background of Houjiayao Site in Nihewan Basin. Quat. Int. 349, 42\u201348 (2014).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"43401_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118315","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118315","volume":"10","author":"H Tu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tu, H., Shen, G. J., Li, H. X., Xie, F. & Granger, D. E. 26Al\/10Be burial dating of Xujiayao-Houjiayao site in Nihewan Basin, northern China. PLoS ONE 10, e0118315 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"43401_CR57","first-page":"221","volume":"16","author":"GJ Shen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shen, G. J., Liu, J. & Jin, L. H. Preliminary result on U-series dating of Panxian Dadong, in Guizhou Province, S-W China. Acta Athropol. Sin. 16, 221\u2013230 (1997).","journal-title":"Acta Athropol. Sin."},{"key":"43401_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.04.003","volume":"74","author":"D Xiao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiao, D. et al. Metric and geometric morphometric analysis of new hominin fossils from Maba (Guangdong, China). J. Hum. Evol. 74, 1\u201320 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"43401_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28065-x","volume":"8","author":"Y Kong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kong, Y. et al. Magnetostratigraphic dating of the hominin occupation of Bailong Cave, central China. Sci. Rep. 8, 9699 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"43401_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2018.02.004","volume":"49","author":"F Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han, F., Shao, Q., Bahain, J.-J., Sun, X. & Yin, G. Coupled ESR and U-series dating of Middle Pleistocene hominin site Bailongdong cave, China. Quat. Geochronol. 49, 291\u2013296 (2019).","journal-title":"Quat. Geochronol."},{"key":"43401_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029<0027:TIMSUS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"29","author":"J-X Zhao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhao, J.-X., Hu, K., Collerson, K. D. & Xu, H.-K. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry U-series dating of a hominid site near Nanjing, China. Geology 29, 27\u201330 (2001).","journal-title":"Geology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-43401-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-43401-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-43401-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T04:22:22Z","timestamp":1671250942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-43401-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-43401-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"6961"}}