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Inflammation occurs in both the brain and the periphery of HD patients and mouse models, with increases in brain and\/or plasma levels of neurotoxic TNF\u03b1 and several other proinflammatory cytokines. TNF\u03b1 promotes the generation of many of these cytokines, such as IL6, which raises the possibility that TNF\u03b1 is central to the inflammatory milieu associated with HD. A number of mouse studies have reported that the suppression of chronic immune activation during HD has beneficial consequences. Here, we investigated whether TNF\u03b1 contributes to the peripheral inflammation that occurs in the R6\/2 mouse model, and whether the<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>blockade of TNF\u03b1, via etanercept treatment, can modify disease progression. We found that etanercept treatment normalised the elevated plasma levels of some cytokines. This did not modify the progression of certain behavioural measures, but slightly ameliorated brain weight loss, possibly related to a reduction in the elevated striatal level of soluble TNF\u03b1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43627-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T10:04:37Z","timestamp":1557482677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the R6\/2 mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease by etanercept treatment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Pido-Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedict","family":"Tanudjojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Katrin","family":"Bondulich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Andre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2716-2045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Tabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian P.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"43627_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080178","volume":"205","author":"M Bjorkqvist","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bjorkqvist, M. et al. A novel pathogenic pathway of immune activation detectable before clinical onset in Huntington\u2019s disease. J Exp Med 205, 1869\u20131877, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20080178 (2008).","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"43627_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-9961(03)00087-1","volume":"14","author":"K Hensley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hensley, K. et al. Message and protein-level elevation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and TNF alpha-modulating cytokines in spinal cords of the G93A-SOD1 mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiology of disease 14, 74\u201380 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurobiology of disease"},{"key":"43627_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290100969","volume":"8","author":"PL McGeer","year":"2002","unstructured":"McGeer, P. L. & McGeer, E. G. Local neuroinflammation and the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. 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