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The aim was to investigate whether OMVs, with and\/or without VCC-cargo could be responsible for induction of microRNAs in intestinal epithelial cells and thereby contribute to immunomodulation. Polarized tight monolayers of T84 cells were challenged with OMVs of wildtype and a VCC deletion mutant of the non-O1\/non-O139 (NOVC)\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain V:5\/04 and with soluble VCC. OMVs, with and without VCC-cargo, caused significantly increased levels of miR-146a. Increase was seen already after 2 hours challenge with OMVs and persisted after 12 hours. Challenge with soluble VCC caused significant increases in interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), CCL20, IL-1\u03b2, and IRAK2 mRNA levels while challenge with OMVs did not cause increases in expression levels of any of these mRNAs. These results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria release OMVs that induce miR-146a in order to pave the way for colonization by reducing the strength of an epithelial innate immune defence reaction and also preventing inflammation in the mucosa that factors like VCC can evoke.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43691-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T06:04:37Z","timestamp":1557468277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Vibrio cholerae derived outer membrane vesicles modulate the inflammatory response of human intestinal epithelial cells by inducing microRNA-146a"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Aziz","family":"Bitar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyaw Min","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Nyunt","family":"Wai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Louise","family":"Hammarstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"43691_CR1","unstructured":"WHO Media centre, fact sheets, N\u00b0 107 (Cholera), http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs107\/en\/ (2010)."},{"key":"43691_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48","volume":"8","author":"JB Kaper","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kaper, J. 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