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The purpose of this study was to classify arm swing and to analyse its clinical implications. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed with 168 community-dwelling female volunteers recruited from a population register in Hokkaido, Japan, with a mean age of 67.3\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7 years, and arm swing was classified into four groups according to maximum forward and backward arm swing distance: (1) predominantly forward swing with forward swing always larger than backward swing (FS, n\u2009=\u2009138), (2) equal or equivocal swing (ES, n\u2009=\u20098), (3) predominantly backward swing with backward swing always larger than forward swing (BS, n\u2009=\u200920), and (4) thigh-hand type without arm swing with their hands placed on thighs (TH, n\u2009=\u20092). BS and FS showed significant differences in radiographic lumbar lordosis (BS 19.4\u2009\u00b1\u200918.1\u00b0 vs. FS 40.6\u2009\u00b1\u200914.5\u00b0, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01 ANOVA), pelvic tilt (BS 40.0\u2009\u00b1\u20097.3\u00b0 vs. FS 22.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.9\u00b0, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), number of vertebral fractures (BS 1.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4 vs. FS 0.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and trunk extensor muscle strength (BS 374.9\u2009\u00b1\u2009134.8\u2009N vs. FS 478.1\u2009\u00b1\u2009172.6\u2009N, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Arm swing correlated with severity of radiographic ASD, osteoporotic changes, and back muscle weakness. The number of ASD patients, which includes patients with <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\/idiopathic scoliosis, degenerative\/osteoporotic kyphosis, and other neuromuscular deformities, has been increasing, and further study should clarify the importance of dynamic evaluation of ASD among elderly patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43732-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T10:03:32Z","timestamp":1558346612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Classification of arm swing as a clinical marker of advancing spinal deformity among community-dwelling female volunteers 60 years or older"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shizuo","family":"Jimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Issei","family":"Senoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6117-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutsuya","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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