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However, the etiology of PSNPI and therapeutic treatment of PSNPI are unclear. We show that glutamate produced from microglia through the activity of system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> plays a role in PSNPI. We established a mouse model of PSNPI by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment that shows a disturbance of short\/working memory and depression-like hypoactivity. Glutamate receptor antagonists (MK801 and DNQX) reduced these phenotypes, and isolated microglia from LPS-treated mice released abundant glutamate. We identified system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> as a source of the extracellular glutamate. xCT, a component of system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, was induced and expressed in microglia after LPS treatment. In xCT knockout mice, PSNPI were decreased compared to those in wildtype mice. Moreover, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 expression in wildtype mice was increased after LPS treatment, but inhibited in xCT knockout mice. Thus, system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> in microglia may be a therapeutic target for PSNPI. The administration of sulfasalazine, an inhibitor of xCT, in symptomatic and post-symptomatic mice improved PSNPI. Our results suggest that glutamate released from microglia through system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> plays a critical role in the manifestations of PSNPI and that system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> may be a therapeutic target for PSNPI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44006-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T10:04:37Z","timestamp":1558087477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["System xc\u2212 in microglia is a novel therapeutic target for post-septic neurological and psychiatric illness"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Nakaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Horikoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Omotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Otsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimi","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyo","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Matsura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"44006_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70017-1","volume":"13","author":"CN Widmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Widmann, C. 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