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Despite high I\u03baB\u03b6 expression in inflammation sites, the association of I\u03baB\u03b6 with host defence via systemic immune responses against bacterial infection remains unclear. Oral immunisation with a recombinant attenuated <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> vaccine (RASV) strain did not protect I\u03baB\u03b6-deficient mice against a lethal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> challenge. I\u03baB\u03b6-deficient mice failed to produce <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> LPS-specific IgG, especially IgG2a, although inflammatory cytokine production and immune cell infiltration into the liver increased after oral RASV administration. Moreover, I\u03baB\u03b6-deficient mice exhibited enhanced splenic germinal centre reactions followed by increased total IgG production, despite I\u03baB\u03b6-deficient B cells having an intrinsic antibody class switching defect. I\u03baB\u03b6-deficient CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells poorly differentiated into Th1 cells. IFN-\u03b3 production by CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells from I\u03baB\u03b6-deficient mice immunised with RASV significantly decreased after restimulation with heat-killed RASV <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, suggesting that I\u03baB\u03b6-deficient mice failed to mount protective immune responses against <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infection because of insufficient Th1 and IgG production. Therefore, I\u03baB\u03b6 is crucial in protecting against <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infection by inducing Th1 differentiation followed by IgG production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44019-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T10:03:00Z","timestamp":1560160980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["I\u03baB\u03b6 facilitates protective immunity against Salmonella infection via Th1 differentiation and IgG production"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jae-Hee","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaewon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo-Eun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3149-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geun-Shik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-il","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Goo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pyeung-Hyeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Na","family":"Kweon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3213-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungjun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Vallance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-In","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7336-9245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jeong","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"44019_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811x-11-23","volume":"11","author":"M Schuster","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schuster, M., Annemann, M., Plaza-Sirvent, C. & Schmitz, I. 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