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The diamond needles were then chemically terminated with H, O, NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or F using plasma treatment, and the hydrophilicity of the resulting surfaces were assessed using water droplet contact-angle measurements, and scaled in the order O\u2009&gt;\u2009H \u2248NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> &gt;F, with the F-terminated surface being superhydrophobic. The effectiveness of these differently terminated bD needles in killing the Gram-negative bacterium <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was semi-quantified by Live\/Dead staining and fluorescence microscopy, and visualised by environmental scanning electron microscopy. The total number of adhered bacteria was consistent for all the nanostructured bD surfaces at around 50% of the value for the flat diamond control. This, combined with a chemical bactericidal effect of 20\u201330%, shows that the nanostructured bD surfaces supported significantly fewer viable <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> than flat surfaces. Moreover, the bD surfaces were particularly effective at preventing the establishment of bacterial aggregates \u2013 a precursor to biofilm formation. The percentage of dead bacteria also decreased as a function of hydrophilicity. These results are consistent with a predominantly mechanical mechanism for bacteria death based on the stretching and disruption of the cell membrane, combined with an additional effect from the chemical nature of the surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45280-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T12:04:56Z","timestamp":1560945896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Studies of Black Diamond as an antibacterial surface for Gram Negative bacteria: the interplay between chemical and mechanical bactericidal activity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Dunseath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. J. 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