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In fact, prosthetic users often cite \"difficulty of use\" as a key contributing factor for abandoning their prostheses. To overcome the limitations of the currently pervasive myoelectric control strategies, namely unintuitive proportional control of multiple degrees-of-freedom, we propose a novel approach:\n                    <jats:italic>proprioceptive sonomyographic<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>control<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Unlike myoelectric control strategies which measure electrical activation of muscles and use the extracted signals to determine the velocity of an end-effector; our sonomyography-based strategy measures mechanical\u00a0muscle deformation directly with ultrasound and uses the extracted signals to proportionally control the position of an end-effector. Therefore, our sonomyography-based control is congruent with a prosthetic user\u2019s innate proprioception of muscle deformation\u00a0in the residual limb. In this work, we evaluated\n                    <jats:italic>proprioceptive sonomyographic control<\/jats:italic>\n                    with 5 prosthetic users and 5 able-bodied participants in a virtual target achievement and holding task for 5 different hand motions. We observed that with limited training, the performance of prosthetic users was comparable to that of able-bodied participants and thus conclude that\n                    <jats:italic>proprioceptive sonomyographic control<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a robust and intuitive prosthetic control strategy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45459-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T06:02:54Z","timestamp":1561960974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Proprioceptive Sonomyographic Control: A novel method for intuitive and proportional control of multiple degrees-of-freedom for individuals with upper\u00a0extremity limb loss"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ananya S.","family":"Dhawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biswarup","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6194-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shriniwas","family":"Patwardhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Akhlaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyorgy","family":"Levay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahsaan","family":"Holley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilsaan M.","family":"Joiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Harris-Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6426-2320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Sikdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"45459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.005","volume":"89","author":"K Ziegler-Graham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ziegler-Graham, K., MacKenzie, E. 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