{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:11:22Z","timestamp":1790673082630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562630400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Agriculture Research System"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial diseases of swine are a kind of multifactorial and uncontrollable diseases that commonly exist in pig farms all over the world and will lead to huge economic losses every year. In this study, a detailed and overall survey was carried out to better understand the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial diseases from 2013 to 2017 in China. A total of 19673 bacterial strains were isolated from 44175 samples collected from 9661 pig farms that distributed in 16 Chinese major pig breeding provinces. The results showed that the average isolation rates of <jats:italic>Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic> (SS), <jats:italic>Haemophilus parasuis<\/jats:italic> (HPS), <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic> (Pm), <jats:italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (APP), <jats:italic>Brodetella bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic> (Bb), <jats:italic>Salmonella enteria<\/jats:italic> (SE), <jats:italic>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/jats:italic> (E. rhusiopathiae) were 16.9%, 9.7%, 6.3%, 3.4%, 0.3%, 1.5%, 2.3% and 0.9%, respectively. The isolate rates of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, APP and SE showed an increasing trend from 2013 to 2017. The seasonal prevalence characteristics of SS, HPS and Pm were obviously higher from April to August for first two bacteria and higher at February, March, April, and October for Pm. The dominant serotypes for SS, HPS were serotype 2 and serotype 5 (changed from serotype 4), respectively. The SS,\u00a0HPS, and Pm showed very high antibiotic resistance rates to almost 8 common antibiotics (\u03b2-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolides, lincomycin, tetracycline, quinolone, polymyxin, and sulfonamide) and an obvious increasing trend of antibiotic resistance rates from 2013 to 2017. In conclusion, the study provides detailed information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of different bacterial pathogens of swine\u00a0from 2013 to 2017 in China. These data can provide a foundation for monitoring epidemiological patterns of bacterial diseases in the Chinese swine herds, as well as provide insight into potential antibiotic resistance profiles in these pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45482-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T13:01:56Z","timestamp":1562677316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial pathogens in Chinese pig farms from 2013 to 2017"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bingzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xugang","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuexiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1462-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangzhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xibiao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qigai","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"45482_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206001","volume":"121","author":"M Liverani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liverani, M. et al. Understanding and managing zoonotic risk in the new livestock industries. Environ Health Perspect 121, 873\u2013877 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"45482_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030151","volume":"3","author":"J Tang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tang, J. et al. Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Caused by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2. Plos Medicine 3, e151 (2006).","journal-title":"Plos Medicine"},{"key":"45482_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-010-0103-9","volume":"55","author":"M Hri\u010d\u00ednov\u00e1","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hri\u010d\u00ednov\u00e1, M., Holoda, E., Mudro\u0148ov\u00e1, D. & Ondra\u0161ovi\u010dov\u00e1, S. Multiplex PCR assay for detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus parasuis in lungs of pigs from a slaughterhouse. Folia microbiologica 55, 635\u2013640 (2010).","journal-title":"Folia microbiologica"},{"key":"45482_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","volume":"2","author":"JB Kaper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaper, J. B., Nataro, J. P. & Mobley, H. L. T. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature Review. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2, 123\u2013140 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.6.3485-3492.2004","volume":"70","author":"LL Mikkelsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mikkelsen, L. L., Naughton, P. J., Hedemann, M. S. & Jensen, B. B. Effects of Physical Properties of Feed on Microbial Ecology and Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in the Pig Gastrointestinal Tract. Applied & Environmental Microbiology 70, 3485 (2004).","journal-title":"Applied & Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR6","first-page":"113","volume":"361","author":"Y Horiguchi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horiguchi, Y. Swine Atrophic Rhinitis Caused by Pasteurella multocida Toxin and Bordetella Dermonecrotic Toxin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 361, 113\u2013129 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"45482_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-9-789","volume":"48","author":"CJ Brooke","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brooke, C. J. & Riley, T. V. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: bacteriology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of an occupational pathogen. Journal of Medical Microbiology 48, 789\u2013799 (1999).","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR8","first-page":"1093","volume":"56","author":"M Gottschalk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gottschalk, M. & Lacouture, S. Canada: Distribution of Streptococcus suis (from 2012 to 2014) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (from 2011 to 2014) serotypes isolated from diseased pigs. Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne 56, 1093\u20131094 (2015).","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne"},{"key":"45482_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.05.023","volume":"158","author":"X Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu, X., Zhou, Q. & Luo, Y. Occurrence and source analysis of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China. Environmental Pollution 158, 2992\u20132998 (2010).","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"45482_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.11.014","volume":"408","author":"Z Ling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ling, Z., Hua, D. Y. & Hui, W. Residues of veterinary antibiotics in manures from feedlot livestock in eight provinces of China. Science of the Total Environment 408, 1069\u20131075 (2010).","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"45482_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2014.05.017","volume":"19","author":"MD Barton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barton, M. D. Impact of antibiotic use in the swine industry. Current Opinion in Microbiology 19, 9\u201315 (2014).","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg483","volume":"53","author":"I Phillips","year":"2004","unstructured":"Phillips, I. et al. Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data. J Antimicrob Chemother 53, 28\u201352 (2004).","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"45482_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70001-4","volume":"7","author":"ZR Lun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lun, Z. R., Wang, Q. P., Chen, X. G., Li, A. X. & Zhu, X. Q. Streptococcus suis: an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Lancet Infectious Diseases 7, 201\u2013209 (2007).","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"45482_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.07.007","volume":"111","author":"X Cai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cai, X. et al. Serological characterization of Haemophilus parasuis isolates from China. Veterinary microbiology 111, 231\u2013236 (2005).","journal-title":"Veterinary microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02029-08","volume":"47","author":"XB Tang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tang, X. B. et al. Isolation, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes of Pasteurella multocida strains from swine in China. Journal of clinical microbiology 47, 951 (2009).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01534-9","volume":"4","author":"JT Boss\u00e9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boss\u00e9, J. T. et al. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: pathobiology and pathogenesis of infection. Microbes & Infection 4, 225\u2013235 (2002).","journal-title":"Microbes & Infection"},{"key":"45482_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.3.243","volume":"4","author":"BF Woolfrey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Woolfrey, B. F. & Moody, J. A. Human infections associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, 243\u2013255 (1991).","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"45482_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.311-322.2004","volume":"17","author":"CH Chiu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chiu, C. H. & Su, L. C. Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical disease, and treatment. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17, 311 (2004).","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"45482_CR19","first-page":"944","volume":"184","author":"RL Wood","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wood, R. L. Swine erysipelas\u2013a review of prevalence and research. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 184, 944\u2013949 (1984).","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"45482_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.05.022","volume":"188","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao, Z. et al. The occurrence of Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs with clinical respiratory disease. Veterinary Journal 188, 337 (2011).","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"45482_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5685","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.12.5685","volume":"89","author":"EF Delong","year":"1992","unstructured":"Delong, E. F. Archaea in coastal marine environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89, 5685 (1992).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"45482_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72070","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072070","volume":"8","author":"Z Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Development of Multiplex PCR Assays for the Identification of the 33 Serotypes of Streptococcus suis. Plos One 8, e72070 (2013).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"45482_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01991-15","volume":"53","author":"KJ Howell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Howell, K. J. et al. Development of a Multiplex PCR Assay for Rapid Molecular Serotyping of Haemophilus parasuis. Journal of clinical microbiology 53, 3812\u20133821 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwalbe, R., Steelemoore, L. & Goodwin, A. C. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing protocols. Crc Press (2007).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420014495"},{"key":"45482_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1086\/513938","volume":"26","author":"J Jorgensen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jorgensen, J. & Ferraro, M. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: general principles and contemporary practices. Clinical Infectious Diseases 26, 973\u2013980 (1998).","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"45482_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252311000120","volume":"12","author":"T Opriessnig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Opriessnig, T., Gim\u00e9nez-Lirola, L. G. & Halbur, P. G. Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs. Anim Health Res Rev 12, 133\u2013148 (2011).","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"45482_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10071530","volume":"10","author":"JF Guest","year":"1997","unstructured":"Guest, J. F. & Morris, A. Community-acquired pneumonia: the annual cost to the National Health Service in the UK. European Respiratory Journal 10, 1530 (1997).","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"45482_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23030","volume":"49","author":"HJ Zar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zar, H. J. & Ferkol, T. W. The global burden of respiratory disease-impact on child health. Pediatr Pulmonol 49, 430\u2013434 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"45482_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.59.75","volume":"59","author":"M Katsumi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Katsumi, M., Kataoka, Y., Takahashi, T., Kikuchi, N. & Hiramune, T. Bacterial isolation from slaughtered pigs associated with endocarditis, especially the isolation of Streptococcus suis. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 59, 75 (1997).","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"key":"45482_CR30","unstructured":"Macinnes, J. I. et al. Prevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis in representative Ontario swine herds. 72, 242\u2013248 (2008)."},{"key":"45482_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.01.008","volume":"175","author":"L Moorkamp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moorkamp, L., Nathues, H., Spergser, J., Tegeler, R. & Grosse, B. E. Detection of respiratory pathogens in porcine lung tissue and lavage fluid. Veterinary Journal 175, 273\u2013275 (2008).","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"45482_CR32","first-page":"397","volume":"45","author":"KE Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, K. E., Choi, H. W., Kim, H. H., Song, J. Y. & Yang, D. K. Prevalence and Characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Isolated from Korean Pigs. Journal of Bacteriology & Virology 45, 397\u2013402 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology & Virology"},{"key":"45482_CR33","first-page":"295","volume":"53","author":"RP Cowart","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cowart, R. P., B\u00e4ckstr\u00f6m, L. & Brim, T. A. Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in swine. Canadian journal of veterinary research\u2009=\u2009Revue canadienne de recherche v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire 53, 295\u2013300 (1989).","journal-title":"Canadian journal of veterinary research\u2009=\u2009Revue canadienne de recherche v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire"},{"key":"45482_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215109004939","volume":"123","author":"N Navacharoen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Navacharoen, N. Hearing and vestibular loss in Streptococcus suis infection from swine and traditional raw pork exposure in northern Thailand. Journal of Laryngology & Otology 123, 857\u2013862 (2009).","journal-title":"Journal of Laryngology & Otology"},{"key":"45482_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.01.003","volume":"107","author":"JE Hill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hill, J. E. et al. Biochemical analysis, cpn 60 and 16S rDNA sequence data indicate that Streptococcus suis serotypes 32 and 34, isolated from pigs, are Streptococcus orisratti. Veterinary microbiology 107, 63\u201369 (2005).","journal-title":"Veterinary microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.4.862-865.1992","volume":"30","author":"P Kielstein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kielstein, P. & Rappgabrielson, V. J. Designation of 15 serovars of Haemophilus parasuis on the basis of immunodiffusion using heat-stable antigen extracts. Journal of clinical microbiology 30, 862\u2013865 (1992).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X. et al. Live Streptococcus suis type 5 strain XS045 provides cross-protection against infection by strains of types 2 and 9. Vaccine 34 (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.05.003"},{"key":"45482_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.17.502","volume":"151","author":"H Bak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bak, H. & Riising, H. Protection of vaccinated pigs against experimental infections with homologous and heterologous Hoemophilus parasuis. Veterinary Record 151, 502\u2013505 (2002).","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"45482_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.12.015","volume":"137","author":"ZG Wei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wei, Z. G. et al. Characterization of Streptococcus suis isolates from the diseased pigs in China between 2003 and 2007. Veterinary microbiology 137, 196\u2013201 (2009).","journal-title":"Veterinary microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR40","first-page":"48","volume":"35","author":"J Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Isolation, Identification and Serotyping of Haemophilus parasuis in Parts of Larg-scale Pig Farms in China 2012. Progress in Veterinary Medicine 35, 48\u201352 (2014).","journal-title":"Progress in Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"45482_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.839-840.2004","volume":"42","author":"M Tadjine","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tadjine, M., Mittal, K. R., Bourdon, S. & Gottschalk, M. Development of a New Serological Test for Serotyping Haemophilus parasuis Isolates and Determination of Their Prevalence in North America. Journal of clinical microbiology 42, 839\u2013840 (2004).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00007-3","volume":"66","author":"X R\u00fabies","year":"1999","unstructured":"R\u00fabies, X. et al. Prevalence of Haemophilus parasuis serovars isolated in Spain from 1993 to 1997. Veterinary microbiology 66, 245 (1999).","journal-title":"Veterinary microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252308001503","volume":"9","author":"FM Aarestrup","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aarestrup, F. M., Oliver, D. C. & Burch, D. G. Antimicrobial resistance in swine production. Animal Health Research Reviews 9, 135\u2013148 (2008).","journal-title":"Animal Health Research Reviews"},{"key":"45482_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252313000029","volume":"14","author":"NP Varela","year":"2013","unstructured":"Varela, N. P. et al. Antimicrobial resistance and prudent drug use for Streptococcus suis. Animal health research reviews 14, 68\u201377 (2013).","journal-title":"Animal health research reviews"},{"key":"45482_CR45","unstructured":"Yang, S. S., Sun, J., Fan, K. W., Yang, X. Y. & Liao, X. P. Investigation of antimicrobial resistance and genetic correlation analysis of Haemophilus parasuis isolated from Guangdong Province. Chinese Veterinary Science (2016)."},{"key":"45482_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024988","volume":"6","author":"P Hu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hu, P. et al. Comparative genomics study of multi-drug-resistance mechanisms in the antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus suis R61 strain. PLoS One 6, e24988 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"45482_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2003.tb11501.x","volume":"218","author":"O Okwumabua","year":"2003","unstructured":"Okwumabua, O., O\u2019Connor, M. & Shull, E. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific for Streptococcus suis based on the gene encoding the glutamate dehydrogenase. Fems Microbiology Letters 218, 79\u201384 (2003).","journal-title":"Fems Microbiology Letters"},{"key":"45482_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300607","volume":"13","author":"S Oliveira","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oliveira, S., Galina, L. & Pijoan, C. Development of a PCR Test to Diagnose Haemophilus Parasuis Infections. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 13, 495\u2013501 (2001).","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"45482_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.4.1004-1010.1994","volume":"32","author":"S Nagai","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nagai, S., Someno, S. & Yagihashi, T. Differentiation of toxigenic from nontoxigenic isolates of Pasteurella multocida by PCR. Journal of clinical microbiology 32, 1004\u20131010 (1994).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.8.2429-2432.1991","volume":"57","author":"AK Bej","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bej, A. K., Mccarty, S. C. & Atlas, R. M. Detection of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli by multiplex polymerase chain reaction: comparison with defined substrate and plating methods for water quality monitoring. Applied & Environmental Microbiology 57, 2429 (1991).","journal-title":"Applied & Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00206-6","volume":"75","author":"T Gram","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gram, T., Ahrens, P., Andreasen, M. & Nielsen, J. P. An Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae PCR typing system based on the apx and omlA genes\u2013evaluation of isolates from lungs and tonsils of pigs. Veterinary microbiology 75, 43\u201357 (2000).","journal-title":"Veterinary microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(99)80059-X","volume":"150","author":"D Hozbor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hozbor, D., Fouque, F. & Guiso, N. Detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica by the polymerase chain reaction. Research in Microbiology 150, 333\u2013341 (1999).","journal-title":"Research in Microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.10.2619-2622.1996","volume":"34","author":"CH Chiu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chiu, C. H. & Ou, J. T. Rapid identification of Salmonella serovars in feces by specific detection of virulence genes, invA and spvC, by an enrichment broth culture-multiplex PCR combination assay. Journal of clinical microbiology 34, 2619\u20132622 (1996).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"45482_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.86-89.1998","volume":"36","author":"Y Shimoji","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shimoji, Y., Mori, Y., Hyakutake, K., Sekizaki, T. & Yokomizo, Y. Use of an Enrichment Broth Cultivation-PCR Combination Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of Swine Erysipelas. Journal of clinical microbiology 36, 86 (1998).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45482-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45482-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45482-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T11:21:45Z","timestamp":1671276105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45482-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-45482-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"9908"}}