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Sleep is known to be beneficial to cognitive and mnemonic tasks, while chronic sleep deprivation is detrimental. Despite the importance of the phenomenon, a complete understanding of its functions and underlying mechanisms is still lacking. In this paper, we show interesting effects of deep-sleep-like slow oscillation activity on a simplified thalamo-cortical model which is trained to encode, retrieve and classify images of handwritten digits. During slow oscillations, spike-timing-dependent-plasticity (STDP) produces a differential homeostatic process. It is characterized by both a specific unsupervised enhancement of connections among groups of neurons associated to instances of the same class (digit) and a simultaneous down-regulation of stronger synapses created by the training. This hierarchical organization of post-sleep internal representations favours higher performances in retrieval and classification tasks. The mechanism is based on the interaction between top-down cortico-thalamic predictions and bottom-up thalamo-cortical projections during deep-sleep-like slow oscillations. Indeed, when learned patterns are replayed during sleep, cortico-thalamo-cortical connections favour the activation of other neurons coding for similar thalamic inputs, promoting their association. Such mechanism hints at possible applications to artificial learning systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45525-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T06:03:04Z","timestamp":1561010584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Sleep-like slow oscillations improve visual classification through synaptic homeostasis and memory association in a thalamo-cortical model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Capone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Pastorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5144-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Golosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1937-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Stanislao","family":"Paolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"45525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.025","volume":"81","author":"G Tononi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tononi, G. & Cirelli, C. 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