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However, it is estimated that up to 50% of HIV-1 infected individuals still develop HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). With no treatment currently available for patients, there is a critical need to identify therapeutic approaches that can treat this disorder. Evidence suggests that targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma (PPAR\u03b3) can be anti-inflammatory in neurological disorders. Here we show that treatment with PPAR\u03b3 agonists (rosiglitazone or pioglitazone) in primary cultures of mouse glial cells reversed EcoHIV-induced inflammatory genes (TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL10) and indicator of oxidative stress (iNOS). Furthermore, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, mice administered with EcoHIV through intracranial injection resulted in upregulation of inflammatory genes (TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IFN\u03b3, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL10) and oxidative stress marker (iNOS) in the brain which was reversed through intraperitoneal administration of PPAR\u03b3 agonists (rosiglitazone or pioglitazone). Finally, we demonstrated that treatment with these compounds <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> reduced EcoHIV p24 protein burden in the brain. Our results suggest that treatment with PPAR\u03b3 agonists are anti-inflammatory and antiviral in an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> model of EcoHIV infection. These drugs hold promise as potential candidates for HAND treatment in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45878-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T10:03:09Z","timestamp":1561975389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma agonists exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects in an EcoHIV mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Amila","family":"Omeragic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nareg","family":"Kara-Yacoubian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Kelschenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cigdem","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7603-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn L.","family":"Cummins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Volsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reina","family":"Bendayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"45878_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.3.376","volume":"69","author":"M Maschke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maschke, M. et al. 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