{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:49:59Z","timestamp":1784958599012,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1C1B6007775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1C1B6007775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015R1A5A2009124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015R1A5A2009124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the association between potassium intake and hearing thresholds in the Korean adult population. Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Participants were divided into tertiles on the basis of their potassium intake as follows: low, middle, and high. Pure-tone audiometry was performed using an automated audiometer. We calculated as the average threshold at the low-frequency pure-tone average (0.5 and 1\u2009kHz), mid-frequency pure-tone average (2 and 3\u2009kHz), and high-frequency pure-tone average (4 and 6\u2009kHz). The average hearing threshold (AHT) was calculated as the pure-tone average of the thresholds at 0.5~3\u2009kHz. Hearing loss (HL) was defined as an AHT of &gt;40\u2009dB in the better ear. There were 1975 participants each in the low, middle, and high tertile groups. The four different average hearing thresholds significantly decreased with an increase in the potassium intake tertile. Multivariate analysis revealed that the four different average hearing thresholds were significantly lower in the high tertile group than in the other two groups. In addition, univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses showed that the potassium intake level was inversely associated with each of the four different average hearing thresholds. Analyses of participants matched based on propensity scores and participants not matched based on propensity scores yielded similar results. The results of this study suggest that high potassium intake levels were associated with a lower prevalence of HL and lower hearing thresholds in the Korean adult population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45930-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T14:24:03Z","timestamp":1562250243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association between a High-Potassium Diet and Hearing Thresholds in the Korean Adult Population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Da Jung","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu Hyang","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu-Yup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Young","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Hui","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"45930_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Deafness and hearing loss. Geneve: World Health Organization, https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/deafness-and-hearing-loss (2019)."},{"key":"45930_CR2","first-page":"12","volume":"128","author":"DJ Exeter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Exeter, D. J., Wu, B., Lee, A. C. & Searchfield, G. D. The projected burden of hearing loss in New Zealand (2011\u20132061) and the implications for the hearing health workforce. N Z Med J 128, 12\u201321 (2015).","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"45930_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200502000-00001","volume":"26","author":"FS Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee, F. S., Matthews, L. J., Dubno, J. R. & Mills, J. H. Longitudinal study of pure-tone thresholds in older person. Ear Hear. 26, 1\u201311 (2005).","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"45930_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1159\/000106478","volume":"12","author":"E Van Eyken","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van Eyken, E., Van Camp, G. & Van Laer, L. The complexity of age-related hearing impairment: contributing environmental and genetic factors. Audiol Neurootol 12, 345\u2013358 (2007).","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"},{"key":"45930_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.10.008","volume":"264","author":"KJ Cruickshanks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cruickshanks, K. J. et al. Education, occupation, noise exposure history and the 10-yr cumulative incidence of hearing impairment in older adults. Hear Res. 264, 3\u20139 (2010).","journal-title":"Hear Res."},{"key":"45930_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.072793","volume":"99","author":"JW Kang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kang, J. W., Choi, H. S., Kim, K. & Choi, J. Y. Dietary vitamin intake correlates with hearing thresholds in the older population: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr 99, 1407\u20131413 (2014).","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"45930_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812473936","volume":"148","author":"AN Simpson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simpson, A. N., Matthews, L. J. & Dubno, J. R. Lipid and C-reactive protein levels as risk factors for hearing loss in older adults. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 148, 664\u2013670 (2013).","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"45930_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.01.012","volume":"91","author":"BF Palmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palmer, B. F. & Clegg, D. J. Achieving the benefits of a high-potassium, paleolithic diet, without the toxicity. Mayo Clin Proc 91, 496\u2013508 (2016).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"45930_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.4.589","volume":"161","author":"IM Hajjar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hajjar, I. M., Grim, C. E., George, V. & Kotchen, T. A. Impact of diet on blood pressure and age-related changes in blood pressure in the US population: analysis of NHANES III. Arch Intern Med 161, 589\u2013593 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"45930_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f1378","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1378","volume":"346","author":"NJ Aburto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aburto, N. J. et al. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 346, f1378, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f1378 (2013).","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"45930_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO issues new guidance on dietary salt and potassium. Geneva: World Health Organization, http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/notes\/2013\/salt_potassium_20130131\/en\/ (2013)"},{"key":"45930_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2010.12.003","volume":"46","author":"AR Fetoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fetoni, A. R., Picciotti, P. M., Paludetti, G. & Troiani, D. Pathogenesis of presbycusis in animal models: a review. Exp Gerontol. 46, 413\u2013425 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"45930_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(95)00070-K","volume":"86","author":"JN Brown","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brown, J. N., Miller, J. M. & Nuttall, A. L. Age-related changes in cochlear vascular conductance in mice. Hear Res. 86, 189\u2013194 (1995).","journal-title":"Hear Res."},{"key":"45930_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060730","volume":"8","author":"JH Hwang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hwang, J. H., Hsu, C. J., Yu, W. H., Liu, T. C. & Yang, W. S. Diet-induced obesity exacerbates auditory degeneration via hypoxia, inflammation, and apoptosis signaling pathways in CD\/1 mice. PLoS One. 8, e60730, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0060730 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"45930_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F667","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00290.2012","volume":"303","author":"CJ Cheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheng, C. J., Truong, T., Baum, M. & Huang, C. L. Kidney-specific WNK1 inhibits sodium reabsorption in the cortical thick ascending limb. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303, F667\u2013F673 (2012).","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"45930_CR16","first-page":"III179","volume":"18","author":"FJ Haddy","year":"1991","unstructured":"Haddy, F. J. Roles of sodium, potassium, calcium, and natriuretic factors in hypertension. Hypertension 18(Suppl 5), III179\u2013183 (1991).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"45930_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000202568.01167.B6","volume":"47","author":"LJ Appel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Appel, L. J. et al. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement fromthe American Heart Association. Hypertension. 47, 296\u2013308 (2006).","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"45930_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.12.1198","volume":"98","author":"A Ascherio","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ascherio, A. et al. Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among US men. Circulation. 98, 1198\u20131204 (1998).","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"45930_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1993.01880140038006","volume":"119","author":"GA Gates","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gates, G. A., Cobb, J. L., D\u2019Agostino, R. B. & Wolf, P. A. The relation of hearing in the elderly to the presence of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119, 156\u2013161 (1993).","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"45930_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700280211","volume":"28","author":"LJ Fuortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fuortes, L. J., Tan, S., Pomrehn, P. & Anderson, C. Prospective evaluation of associations between hearing sensitivity and selected cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Ind Med 28, 275\u2013280 (1995).","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"45930_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.05.011","volume":"40","author":"K Nomura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nomura, K., Nakao, M. & Morimoto, T. Effect of smoking on hearing loss: quality assessment and meta-analysis. Prev Med. 40, 138\u201344 (2005).","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"45930_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2119","volume":"98","author":"C Horikawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horikawa, C. et al. Diabetes and risk of hearing impairment in adults: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98, 51\u201358 (2013).","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"45930_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175950","volume":"251","author":"WJ ten Cate","year":"1994","unstructured":"ten Cate, W. J., Curtis, L. M. & Rarey, K. E. Effects of low-sodium, high-potassium dietary intake on cochlear lateral wall Na+, K(+)-ATPase. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 251, 6\u201311 (1994).","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"45930_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00453.2016","volume":"312","author":"AA McDonough","year":"2017","unstructured":"McDonough, A. A., Veiras, L. C., Guevara, C. A. & Ralph, D. L. Cardiovascular benefits associated with higher dietary K+ versus lower dietary Na+: Evidence from population and mechanistic studies. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 312, E348\u2013E356 (2017).","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"45930_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C66","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00096.2013","volume":"306","author":"B Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding, B. et al. Direct control of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(\u2212)-cotransport protein (NKCC1) expression with aldosterone. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 306, C66\u2013C75 (2014).","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"45930_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2005.05.009","volume":"209","author":"SF Tadros","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tadros, S. F., Frisina, S. T., Mapes, F., Frisina, D. R. & Frisina, R. D. Higher serum aldosterone correlates with lower hearing thresholds: a possible protective hormone against presbycusis. Hear Res. 209, 10\u201318 (2005).","journal-title":"Hear Res."},{"key":"45930_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.05.001","volume":"336","author":"J Halonen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Halonen, J. et al. Long-term treatment with aldosterone slows the progression of age-related hearing loss. Hear Res. 336, 63\u201371 (2016).","journal-title":"Hear Res."},{"key":"45930_CR28","unstructured":"Rehm, J. et al. Alcohol use. In: Ezzati M, Lopez A, Rodgers A, Murray CJL eds. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva, World Health Organization. 12959\u20131108 (2004)."},{"key":"45930_CR29","unstructured":"The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol drinking, http:\/\/health.mw.go.kr\/HealthInfoArea\/HealthInfo\/View.do?idx=5800&subIdx=4&searchCate=&searchType=&searchKey=&pageNo=&category=1&category_code=301301306&dept=3&sortType=date&page=1&searchField=titleAndSummary&searchWord= (2019)."},{"key":"45930_CR30","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization, http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44399\/1\/9789241599979_eng.pdf (2010)."},{"key":"45930_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","volume":"150","author":"AS Levey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levey, A. S. et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150, 604\u2013612 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"45930_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4163\/kjn.2009.42.2.158","volume":"42","author":"H Kang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kang, H., Jung, H. J. & Paik, H. Y. Analysis of Foods and Nutrients Intake Obtained at the Final Probing Step in 24-hour Recall Method. Korean J Nutr 42, 158\u2013170 (2009).","journal-title":"Korean J Nutr"},{"key":"45930_CR33","unstructured":"Rural Resource Development Institute. Food composition table. (Rural Resource Development Institute Press, Korea, 2006)."},{"key":"45930_CR34","unstructured":"The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. (The Korean Nutrition Society press, Korea, 2015)."},{"key":"45930_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003463","volume":"114","author":"SY Km","year":"2015","unstructured":"Km, S. Y., Sim, S., Kim, H. J. & Choi, H. G. Low-fat and low-protein diets are associated with hearing discomfort among the elderly of Korea. Br J Nutr 114, 1711\u20131717 (2015).","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"45930_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett, W. Nutritional Epidemiology. (Oxford University Press, New York, 2013).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199754038.003.0001"},{"key":"45930_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14245","volume":"64","author":"T Michikawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michikawa, T. et al. Markers of overall nutritional status and incident hearing impairment in community-dwelling older Japanese: The Kurabuchi Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 64, 1480\u20131485 (2016).","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"45930_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0150281","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150281","volume":"11","author":"J Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, J., Han, K., Song, J. J., Im, G. J. & Chae, S. W. Sarcopenia and hearing loss in older Koreans: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010. PLoS One 11, e0150281, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0150281 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"45930_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2014.972524","volume":"54","author":"U Rosenhall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenhall, U., Idrizbegovic, E., Hederstiema, C. & Rothenberg, E. Dietary habits and hearing. In J Audiol 54(Suppl1), S53\u201356 (2015).","journal-title":"In J Audiol"},{"key":"45930_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mount, D. B & Zandi-Nejad, K. Disorders of Potassium Balance. In Brenner and Rector\u2019s The Kidney, chap. 17, 640\u2013688 (Elsevier Press, USA, 2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6193-9.10017-X"},{"key":"45930_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-5-3","volume":"5","author":"CS Rigsby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rigsby, C. S., Pollock, D. M. & Dorrance, A. M. Dietary potassium supplementation improves vascular structure and ameliorates the damage caused by cerebral ischemia in normotensive rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 5, 3, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-7075-5-3 (2008).","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"45930_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488409130987","volume":"97","author":"M Tachibana","year":"1984","unstructured":"Tachibana, M. et al. The site of involvement of hypertension within the cochlea. A comparative study of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Otolaryngol. 97, 257\u2013265 (1984).","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"45930_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.8.2668","volume":"79","author":"JG McCormick","year":"1982","unstructured":"McCormick, J. G., Harris, D. T., Hartley, C. B. & Lassiter, R. B. Spontaneous genetic hypertension in the rat and its relationship to reduced ac cochlear potentials: implications for preservation of human hearing. Proc Natil Acad Sci USA 79, 2668\u20132672 (1982).","journal-title":"Proc Natil Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"45930_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17390","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.631705","volume":"290","author":"KV Steinke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinke, K. V. et al. Human CLC-K Channels Require Palmitoylation of Their Accessory Subunit Barttin to Be Functional. J Biol Chem 290, 17390\u201317400 (2015).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"45930_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1988.tb16755.x","volume":"224","author":"A Rudin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rudin, A. Bartter\u2019s syndrome. A review of 28 patients followed for 10 years. Acta Med Scand 224, 165\u2013171 (1988).","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"45930_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-015-0016-4","volume":"11","author":"E Koulouridis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koulouridis, E. & Koulouridis, I. Molecular pathophysiology of Bartter\u2019s and Gitelman\u2019s syndromes. World J Pediatr 11, 113\u2013125 (2015).","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45930-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45930-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45930-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T11:13:14Z","timestamp":1671275594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45930-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-45930-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"9694"}}