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However, devastating visual complications have been reported including hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV).To determine the toxic and inflammatory effects of moxifloxacin, cefuroxime, and vancomycin on human retinal vascular cells, human retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVEC) and pericytes were exposed to three antibiotics, and the adverse effects were assessed by membrane damage, loss of intrinsic esterase activity, kinetic cell viability, and inflammatory cytokine secretion. Their retinal toxicity was examined by live\/dead assays after an intravitreal injection of the three antibiotics into mice eyes. In vascular cells in culture, membrane damage and loss of esterase activity were induced after exposure to the three antibiotics. The toxic effects were most obvious after moxifloxacin (RVEC, \u2265125\u2009\u03bcg\/mL; pericytes, \u22651000\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) at 24\u2009h. Cefuroxime also reduced esterase activity and the membrane integrity of vascular cells but were less toxic than moxifloxacin. Kinetic cell viability testing showed that 500\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of moxifloxacin exposure induced significant decrease (29%) in the viability as early as 1\u2009h. When the inflammatory effects of the antibiotics were examined, a significant induction of IL-8 was observed especially by RVECs after exposure to cefuroxime or vancomycin which was exacerbated by L-alanyl-\u03b3-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (Tri-DAP), a NOD1 ligand. Intravitreal injections in mice showed that cefuroxime and vancomycin caused retinal and vascular toxicity extending to the inner nuclear layers. Collectively, moxifloxacin causes immediate damage to retinal vascular cells <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, while cefuroxime and vancomycin induced significant inflammatory effects on vascular endothelial cells and caused retinal toxicity. Surgeons need to be cautious of the toxicity when antibiotics are used prophylactically especially by intravitreal administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46236-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T10:03:06Z","timestamp":1562320986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Toxicities of and inflammatory responses to moxifloxacin, cefuroxime, and vancomycin on retinal vascular cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Miyake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dai","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichi","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitsugu","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"46236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.08.023","volume":"36","author":"MC Garcia-Saenz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garcia-Saenz, M. 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