{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:51:14Z","timestamp":1789624274620,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> is an essential exogenous micronutrient for animals. Mass death and reproductive failure in top aquatic consumers caused by vitamin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> deficiency is an emerging conservation issue in Northern hemisphere aquatic ecosystems. We present for the first time a model that identifies conditions responsible for the constrained flow of vitamin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> from unicellular organisms to planktivorous fishes. The flow of vitamin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> through the food web is constrained under anthropogenic pressures of increased nutrient input and, driven by climatic change, increased light attenuation by dissolved substances transported to marine coastal systems. Fishing pressure on piscivorous fish, through increased abundance of planktivorous fish that overexploit mesozooplankton, may further constrain vitamin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> flow from producers to consumers. We also found that key ecological contributors to the constrained flow of vitamin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> are a low mesozooplankton biomass, picoalgae prevailing among primary producers and low fluctuations of population numbers of planktonic organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46422-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T13:50:39Z","timestamp":1562853039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Modeling vitamin B1 transfer to consumers in the aquatic food web"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3598-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. J.","family":"Ejsmond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4871-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Fridolfsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Haecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Casini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Belgrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hylander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"46422_CR1","unstructured":"Schowen, R. (ed. Sinnott, M.) Ch. Comprehensive biological catalysis. Vol 2, p. 217\u2013266. (Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, 1998)."},{"key":"46422_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.04.014","volume":"163","author":"F Depeint","year":"2006","unstructured":"Depeint, F., Bruce, W. R., Shangari, N., Mehta, R. & O\u2019Brien, P. J. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: Role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chemico-Biological Interactions 163, 94\u2013112, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.04.014 (2006).","journal-title":"Chemico-Biological Interactions"},{"key":"46422_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-008-9297-7","volume":"28","author":"A Ba","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ba, A. Metabolic and Structural Role of Thiamine in Nervous Tissues. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 28, 923\u2013931, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-008-9297-7 (2008).","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"},{"key":"46422_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.11.006","volume":"33","author":"WJ Sutherland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sutherland, W. J. et al. A 2018 Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation and Biological Diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33, 47\u201358, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2017.11.006 (2018).","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"46422_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48949","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208965200","volume":"277","author":"DA Rodionov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rodionov, D. A., Vitreschak, A. G., Mironov, A. A. & Gelfand, M. S. Comparative genomics of thiamin biosynthesis in procaryotes - New genes and regulatory mechanisms. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 48949\u201348959, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M208965200 (2002).","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"46422_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00097-06","volume":"5","author":"MT Croft","year":"2006","unstructured":"Croft, M. T., Warren, M. J. & Smith, A. G. Algae need their vitamins. Eukaryotic Cell 5, 1175\u20131183, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ec.00097-06 (2006).","journal-title":"Eukaryotic Cell"},{"key":"46422_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806425115","volume":"115","author":"RW Paerl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paerl, R. W. et al. Prevalent reliance of bacterioplankton on exogenous vitamin B1 and precursor availability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115, E10447\u2013E10456, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1806425115 (2018).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"46422_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902903106","volume":"106","author":"L Balk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balk, L. et al. Wild birds of declining European species are dying from a thiamine deficiency syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 12001\u201312006, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0902903106 (2009).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"46422_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balk, L. et al. Widespread episodic thiamine deficiency in Northern Hemisphere wildlife. Scientific Reports 6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep38821 (2016).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38821"},{"key":"46422_CR10","first-page":"9","volume":"28","author":"JD Fitzsimons","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fitzsimons, J. D., Brown, S. B., Honeyfield, D. C. & Hnath, J. G. A Review of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in Great Lakes Salmonids: Relationship with Thiamine Deficiency. AMBIO 28, 9\u201315 (1999).","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"46422_CR11","unstructured":"Fitzsimons, J. D., Wolgamood, M., Madenjian, C. P. & Bunnell, D. B. In Ecology and Animal Health - Ecosystem Health and Sustainable Agriculture Vol. 2 (eds Norrgren, L. & Levengood, J.) 380 (The Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University, 2013)."},{"key":"46422_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10152-017-0484-0","volume":"71","author":"M Keinanen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keinanen, M. et al. Fatty acid composition of sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring (Clupea harengus) in the Baltic Sea as potential prey for salmon (Salmo salar). Helgoland Marine Research 71, 1\u201316, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10152-017-0484-0 (2017).","journal-title":"Helgoland Marine Research"},{"key":"46422_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsr156","volume":"68","author":"J Mikkonen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mikkonen, J., Keinanen, M., Casini, M., Ponni, J. & Vuorinen, P. J. Relationships between fish stock changes in the Baltic Sea and the M74 syndrome, a reproductive disorder of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Ices Journal of Marine Science 68, 2134\u20132144, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsr156 (2011).","journal-title":"Ices Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"46422_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morner, T. et al. Thiamine deficiency impairs common eider (Somateria mollissima) reproduction in the field. Scientific Reports 7, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-13884-1 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13884-1"},{"key":"46422_CR15","first-page":"2","volume":"28","author":"B Bengtsson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bengtsson, B. et al. Reproductive Disturbances in Baltic Fish: A Synopsis of the FiRe Project. AMBIO 28, 2\u20138 (1999).","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"46422_CR16","unstructured":"ICES. Report of the Baltic Salmon and Trout Assessment Working Group (WGBAST). ICES CM ACOM 08, 1\u2013347 (2014)."},{"key":"46422_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667","volume":"7","author":"JP Fisher","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fisher, J. P., Spitsbergen, J. M., Iamonte, T., Little, E. E. & Delonay, A. Pathological and Behavioral Manifestations of the \u201cCayuga Syndrome\u201d, a Thiamine Deficiency in Larval Landlocked Atlantic Salmon. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 7, 269\u2013283, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1577\/1548-8667 (1995).","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"46422_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Gomez-Consarnau, L., Suffridge, C. & Webb, E. A. In Annual Review of Marine Science, Vol 6 Vol. 6 Annual Review of Marine Science (eds Carlson, C. A. & Giovannoni, S. J.) 339\u2013367 (2014).","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120710-100912"},{"key":"46422_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.61","volume":"8","author":"P Carini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carini, P. et al. Discovery of a SAR11 growth requirement for thiamin\u2019s pyrimidine precursor and its distribution in the Sargasso Sea. Isme Journal 8, 1727\u20131738, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2014.61 (2014).","journal-title":"Isme Journal"},{"key":"46422_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gutowska, M. A. et al. Globally Important Haptophyte Algae Use Exogenous Pyrimidine Compounds More Efficiently than Thiamin. Mbio 8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01459-17 (2017).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01459-17"},{"key":"46422_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.146","volume":"8","author":"D McRose","year":"2014","unstructured":"McRose, D. et al. Alternatives to vitamin B-1 uptake revealed with discovery of riboswitches in multiple marine eukaryotic lineages. Isme Journal 8, 2517\u20132529, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2014.146 (2014).","journal-title":"Isme Journal"},{"key":"46422_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.145","volume":"11","author":"RW Paerl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paerl, R. W. et al. Use of plankton-derived vitamin B1 precursors, especially thiazole-related precursor, by key marine picoeukaryotic phytoplankton. Isme Journal 11, 753\u2013765, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2016.145 (2017).","journal-title":"Isme Journal"},{"key":"46422_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14133","volume":"20","author":"L Gomez-Consarnau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gomez-Consarnau, L. et al. Mosaic patterns of B-vitamin synthesis and utilization in a natural marine microbial community. Environmental Microbiology 20, 2809\u20132823, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.14133 (2018).","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"46422_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7040","volume":"28","author":"KR Heal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heal, K. R. et al. Determination of four forms of vitamin B-12 and other B vitamins in seawater by liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 28, 2398\u20132404, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcm.7040 (2014).","journal-title":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"46422_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14041","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208755109","volume":"109","author":"SA Sanudo-Wilhelmy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A. et al. Multiple B-vitamin depletion in large areas of the coastal ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 14041\u201314045, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1208755109 (2012).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"46422_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suffridge, C., Cutter, L. & Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A. A New Analytical Method for Direct Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved B-vitamins and Their Congeners in Seawater. Frontiers in Marine Science 4, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2017.00011 (2017).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00011"},{"key":"46422_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01132","volume":"49","author":"CJ Gobler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gobler, C. J., Norman, C., Panzeca, C., Taylor, G. T. & Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A. Effect of B-vitamins (B-1, B-12) and inorganic nutrients on algal bloom dynamics in a coastal ecosystem. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 49, 181\u2013194, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/ame01132 (2007).","journal-title":"Aquatic Microbial Ecology"},{"key":"46422_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koch, F. et al. Vitamin B-1 and B-12 uptake and cycling by plankton communities in coastal ecosystems. Frontiers in Microbiology 3, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00363 (2012).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00363"},{"key":"46422_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10009","volume":"60","author":"RW Paerl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paerl, R. W., Bertrand, E. M., Allen, A. E., Palenik, B. & Azam, F. Vitamin B1 ecophysiology of marine picoeukaryotic algae: Strain-specific differences and a new role for bacteria in vitamin cycling. Limnology and Oceanography 60, 215\u2013228, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lno.10009 (2015).","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"46422_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20756","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009566107","volume":"107","author":"YZ Tang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tang, Y. Z., Koch, F. & Gobler, C. J. Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B-1 and B-12 auxotrophs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 20756\u201320761, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1009566107 (2010).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"46422_CR31","unstructured":"Fridolfsson, E. et al. Seasonal variation and species-specific concentrations of the essential vitamin B1 (thiamin) in zooplankton and seston. Marine Biology (in press)."},{"key":"46422_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10949","volume":"63","author":"E Fridolfsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fridolfsson, E., Lindehoff, E., Legrand, C. & Hylander, S. Thiamin (vitamin B1) content in phytoplankton and zooplankton in the presence of filamentous cyanobacteria. Limnology and Oceanography 63, 2423\u20132435, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lno.10949 (2018).","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"46422_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-012-0156-1","volume":"65","author":"P Sylvander","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sylvander, P., Haubner, N. & Snoeijs, P. The Thiamine Content of Phytoplankton Cells Is Affected by Abiotic Stress and Growth Rate. Microbial Ecology 65, 566\u2013577, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00248-012-0156-1 (2013).","journal-title":"Microbial Ecology"},{"key":"46422_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1577\/h04-002.1","volume":"17","author":"JD Fitzsimons","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fitzsimons, J. D. et al. Thiamine content and thiaminase activity of ten freshwater stocks and one marine stock of alewives. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 17, 26\u201335, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1577\/h04-002.1 (2005).","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"46422_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fss041","volume":"69","author":"M Keinanen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Keinanen, M. et al. The thiamine deficiency syndrome M74, a reproductive disorder of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feeding in the Baltic Sea, is related to the fat and thiamine content of prey fish. Ices Journal of Marine Science 69, 516\u2013528, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fss041 (2012).","journal-title":"Ices Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"46422_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02718.x","volume":"18","author":"J Wikner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wikner, J. & Andersson, A. Increased freshwater discharge shifts the trophic balance in the coastal zone of the northern Baltic Sea. Global Change Biology 18, 2509\u20132519, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02718.x (2012).","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"46422_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-011-9402-x","volume":"34","author":"I Jurgensone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jurgensone, I., Carstensen, J., Ikauniece, A. & Kalveka, B. Long-term Changes and Controlling Factors of Phytoplankton Community in the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea). Estuaries and Coasts 34, 1205\u20131219, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12237-011-9402-x (2011).","journal-title":"Estuaries and Coasts"},{"key":"46422_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-015-9980-0","volume":"39","author":"B Riemann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riemann, B. et al. Recovery of Danish Coastal Ecosystems After Reductions in Nutrient Loading: A Holistic Ecosystem Approach. Estuaries and Coasts 39, 82\u201397, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12237-015-9980-0 (2016).","journal-title":"Estuaries and Coasts"},{"key":"46422_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S335","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-015-0653-9","volume":"44","author":"R Elmgren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elmgren, R., Blenckner, T. & Andersson, A. Baltic Sea management: Successes and failures. Ambio 44, S335\u2013S344, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-015-0653-9 (2015).","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"issue":"5","key":"46422_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaar8195","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar8195","volume":"4","author":"Thorsten B. H. Reusch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reusch, T. B. H. et al. The Baltic Sea as a time machine for the future coastal ocean. Science Advances 4, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aar8195 (2018).","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"46422_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806649105","volume":"106","author":"M Casini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Casini, M. et al. Trophic cascades promote threshold-like shifts in pelagic marine ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\n                            of the United States of America 106, 197\u2013202, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0806649105 (2009).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"46422_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S345","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-015-0654-8","volume":"44","author":"A Andersson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andersson, A. et al. Projected future climate change and Baltic Sea ecosystem management. Ambio 44, S345\u2013S356, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-015-0654-8 (2015).","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"46422_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1339-7","volume":"39","author":"HEM Meier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meier, H. E. M. et al. Modeling the combined impact of changing climate and changing nutrient loads on the Baltic Sea environment in an ensemble of transient simulations for 1961\u20132099. Climate Dynamics 39, 2421\u20132441, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-012-1339-7 (2012).","journal-title":"Climate Dynamics"},{"key":"46422_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066475","volume":"8","author":"S Suikkanen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suikkanen, S. et al. Climate Change and Eutrophication Induced Shifts in Northern Summer Plankton Communities. PLOS ONE 8, e66475, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0066475 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"46422_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(94)90375-1","volume":"124","author":"B Woodward","year":"1994","unstructured":"Woodward, B. Dietary vitamin requirements of cultured young fish, with emphasis on quantitative estimates for salmonids. Aquaculture 124, 133\u2013168, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0044-8486(94)90375-1 (1994).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"46422_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1577\/h04-015.1","volume":"17","author":"SB Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown, S. B., Fitzsimons, J. D., Honeyfield, D. C. & Tillitt, D. E. Implications of thiamine deficiency in Great Lakes Salmonines. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 17, 113\u2013124, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1577\/h04-015.1 (2005).","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"46422_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2007.01722.x","volume":"72","author":"S Wistbacka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wistbacka, S. & Bylund, G. Thiaminase activity of Baltic salmon prey species: a comparision of net- and predator-caught samples. Journal of Fish Biology 72, 787\u2013802, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2007.01722.x (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"46422_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1006\/jfbi.2001.1585","volume":"58","author":"S Hansson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansson, S. et al. Stomach analyses of Baltic salmon from 1959\u20131962 and 1994\u20131997: possible relations between diet and yolk-sac-fry mortality (M74). Journal of Fish Biology 58, 1730\u20131745, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jfbi.2001.1585 (2001).","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"46422_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1086\/285814","volume":"146","author":"J Huisman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Huisman, J. & Weissing, F. J. Competition for Nutrients and Light in a Mixed Water Column: A Theoretical Analysis. American Naturalist 146, 536\u2013564, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/285814 (1995).","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"key":"46422_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10033","volume":"60","author":"KF Edwards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edwards, K. F., Thomas, M. K., Klausmeier, C. A. & Litchman, E. Light and growth in marine phytoplankton: allometric, taxonomic, and environmental variation. Limnology and Oceanography 60, 540\u2013552, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lno.10033 (2015).","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"46422_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2012.57.2.0554","volume":"57","author":"KF Edwards","year":"2012","unstructured":"Edwards, K. F., Thomas, M. K., Klausmeier, C. A. & Litchman, E. Allometric scaling and taxonomic variation in nutrient utilization traits and maximum growth rate of phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 57, 554\u2013566, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4319\/lo.2012.57.2.0554 (2012).","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"46422_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindemann, C., Fiksen, \u00d8., Andersen, K. H. & Aksnes, D. L. Scaling Laws in Phytoplankton Nutrient Uptake Affinity. Frontiers in Marine Science 3, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2016.00026 (2016).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00026"},{"key":"46422_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.4.0613","volume":"42","author":"N Blackburn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blackburn, N., Azam, F. & Hagstrom, A. Spatially explicit simulations of a microbial food web. Limnology and Oceanography 42, 613\u2013622 (1997).","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"46422_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01200","volume":"52","author":"J Thelaus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thelaus, J., Haecky, P., Forsman, M. & Andersson, A. Predation pressure on bacteria increases along aquatic productivity gradients. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 52, 45\u201355, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/ame01200 (2008).","journal-title":"Aquatic Microbial Ecology"},{"key":"46422_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-011-0269-2","volume":"53","author":"M Casini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Casini, M. et al. Spatial and temporal density dependence regulates the condition of central Baltic Sea clupeids: compelling evidence using an extensive international acoustic survey. Population Ecology 53, 511\u2013523, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10144-011-0269-2 (2011).","journal-title":"Population Ecology"},{"key":"46422_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-015-0662-8","volume":"44","author":"C Legrand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Legrand, C. et al. Interannual variability of phyto-bacterioplankton biomass and production in coastal and offshore waters of the Baltic Sea. AMBIO 44, 427\u2013438, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-015-0662-8 (2015).","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"46422_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/s0967026201003456","volume":"37","author":"RJ Geider","year":"2002","unstructured":"Geider, R. J. & La Roche, J. Redfield revisited: variability of C: N: P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis. European Journal of Phycology 37, 1\u201317, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0967026201003456 (2002).","journal-title":"European Journal of Phycology"},{"key":"46422_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/s0380-1330(95)71102-9","volume":"21","author":"JD Fitzsimons","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fitzsimons, J. D. The effect of B-vitamins on a swim-up syndrome in Lake Ontario lake trout. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21, 286\u2013289, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0380-1330(95)71102-9 (1995).","journal-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research"},{"key":"46422_CR59","first-page":"30","volume":"28","author":"H Borjeson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Borjeson, H., Amcoff, P., Ragnarsson, B. & Norrgren, L. Reconditioning of sea-run Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) that have produced progeny with the M74 syndrome. Ambio 28, 30\u201336 (1999).","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"46422_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1008075903578","volume":"11","author":"MR Brown","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brown, M. R., Mular, M., Miller, I., Farmer, C. & Trenerry, C. The vitamin content of microalgae used in aquaculture. Journal of Applied Phycology 11, 247\u2013255, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1008075903578 (1999).","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Phycology"},{"key":"46422_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00028487.2015.1073622","volume":"145","author":"BJ Ladago","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ladago, B. J., Marsden, J. E. & Evans, A. N. Early Feeding by Lake Trout Fry. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 145, 1\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00028487.2015.1073622 (2016).","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society"},{"key":"46422_CR62","unstructured":"Tacon, A. G. J. Nutritional fish pathology. Morphological signs of nutrient deficiency and toxicity in farmed fish., Vol. 330 (FAO, 1992)."},{"key":"46422_CR63","first-page":"47","volume":"34","author":"D Loew","year":"1996","unstructured":"Loew, D. Pharmacokinetics of thiamine derivatives especially of benfotiamine. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34, 47\u201350 (1996).","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"46422_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00315284","volume":"44","author":"CME Tallaksen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tallaksen, C. M. E., Sande, A., Bohmer, T., Bell, H. & Karlsen, J. Kinetics of thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters in human blood, plasma and urine after 50 mg intravenously or orally. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 44, 73\u201378, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00315284 (1993).","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"46422_CR65","unstructured":"Barbehenn, R. V., Reese, J. C. & Hagen, K. S. In Ecological Entomology (eds Huffaker, C. B. & Gutierrez, A. P.) (John Wiley & Sons, 1999)."},{"key":"46422_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paerl, R. W. et al. Carboxythiazole is a key microbial nutrient currency and critical component of thiamin biosynthesis. Scientific Reports 8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-24321-2 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24321-2"},{"key":"46422_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Combs, G. F. & Combs, G. F. The Vitamins. (Elsevier Science, 2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381980-2.00010-4"},{"key":"46422_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.78.072407.102340","volume":"78","author":"CT Jurgenson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jurgenson, C. T., Begley, T. P. & Ealick, S. E. The Structural and Biochemical Foundations of Thiamin Biosynthesis. Annual Review of Biochemistry 78, 569\u2013603, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.biochem.78.072407.102340 (2009).","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biochemistry"},{"key":"46422_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-011-9640-9","volume":"111","author":"J Sardans","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sardans, J., Rivas-Ubach, A. & Penuelas, J. The elemental stoichiometry of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and its relationships with organismic lifestyle and ecosystem structure and function: a review and perspectives. Biogeochemistry 111, 1\u201339, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10533-011-9640-9 (2012).","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"46422_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1994.39.2.0395","volume":"39","author":"B Hansen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hansen, B., Bjornsen, P. K. & Hansen, P. J. The size ratio between planktonic predators and their prey. Limnology and Oceanography 39, 395\u2013403, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4319\/lo.1994.39.2.0395 (1994).","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"46422_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1245490","volume":"342","author":"A Belgrano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belgrano, A. & Fowler, C. W. How Fisheries Affect Evolution. Science 342, 1176\u20131177, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1245490 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-46422-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-46422-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-46422-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T11:18:51Z","timestamp":1671275931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-46422-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46422-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"10045"}}