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Fetal sheep (0.85 gestation) received 30\u2009min ischemia-normothermia (n\u2009=\u20098), or hypothermia from 3\u201348\u2009h with rapid spontaneous rewarming over 1\u2009h (ischemia-48 h hypothermia, n\u2009=\u20098), or 48\u2009h with slow rewarming over 24\u2009h (ischemia-slow rewarming, n\u2009=\u20097) or 72\u2009h with rapid rewarming (ischemia-72 h hypothermia, n\u2009=\u20098). Ischemia was associated with loss of total and mature oligodendrocytes and reduced area fraction of myelin basic protein (MBP) and 2\u2032,3\u2032-cyclic nucleotide 3\u2032-phosphodiesterase (CNPase; immature\/mature oligodendrocytes) and increased microglia and astrocytes. Total numbers of oligodendrocytes were increased by all hypothermia protocols but only ischemia-72 h hypothermia attenuated loss of mature oligodendrocytes. All hypothermia protocols similarly increased the area fraction of MBP, whereas there was only an intermediate effect on the area fraction of CNPase. Microglia were suppressed by all hypothermia protocols, with the greatest reduction after ischemia-72 h hypothermia, and an intermediate effect after ischemia-slow rewarming. By contrast, induction of astrocytes was significantly reduced only after ischemia-slow rewarming. In conclusion, slow rewarming after hypothermia did not improve oligodendrocyte survival or myelination or suppression of microgliosis compared to fast rewarming, but modestly reduced astrocytosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46505-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T10:03:41Z","timestamp":1562925821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Differential effects of slow rewarming after cerebral hypothermia on white matter recovery after global cerebral ischemia in near-term fetal sheep"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Draghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Wassink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8220-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. 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