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This was a monocenter observational study carried on women with a sonographic diagnosis of uterine fibroids from January 2007 to December 2016, with no indication for immediate treatment, and who became pregnant within one year from diagnosis. All patients were re-evaluated six months after delivery. Fibroid diameters were compared between pre-pregnancy period, first, second, third trimester and post-delivery. The rate of \u201cregressed\u201d (growth of diameter &lt;\u221240%), \u201cunchanged\u201d (growth of diameter between \u221240% and +40%) or \u201cincreased\u201d (growth of diameter &gt;+40%) fibroids at the post-delivery evaluation with respect to the pre-pregnancy state was calculated. One-hundred fifty-seven women were included in the final analysis. At the post-delivery ultrasound, a significant reduction of the fibroid diameter with respect to all previous examinations was observed, and there was no evidence of 67 (37.2%) fibroids. Ongoing breastfeeding was positively associated with an \u201cunchanged\u201d or \u201cregressed\u201d fibroid diameter (adOR 3.23, 95%CI: 1.35\u20137.70, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Smaller pre-gravidic fibroids were more likely to return to pre-pregnancy dimensions or to regress, with a cut-off of 32\u2009mm for lactating women and of 26\u2009mm for non-lactating women. In conclusion, fibroids seem to return to pre-pregnancy dimensions or to regress in the post-partum period. This process may be sustained by uterine involution and hormonal variations, with an additional role of breastfeeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46513-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T10:03:41Z","timestamp":1562925821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The association between childbirth, breastfeeding, and uterine fibroids: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2849-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Delli Carpini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Morini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Papiccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Serri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Damiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Grelloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8037-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ciavattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"46513_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.99","volume":"188","author":"DD Baird","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baird, D. 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