{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T20:09:24Z","timestamp":1762459764595,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011781","name":"Shriners Hospitals for Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050","84050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lack of a clinically relevant animal models for research in facial nerve reconstruction is challenging. In this study, we investigated the surgical anatomy of the ovine sural nerve as a potential candidate for facial nerve reconstruction, and performed its histological quantitative analysis in comparison to the buccal branch (BB) of the facial nerve using cadaver and anesthetized sheep. The ovine sural nerve descended to the lower leg along the short saphenous vein. The length of the sural nerve was 14.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009cm. The distance from the posterior edge of the lateral malleolus to the sural nerve was 7.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8\u2009mm. The mean number of myelinated fibers in the sural nerve was significantly lower than that of the BB (2,311\u2009\u00b1\u2009381vs. 5,022\u2009\u00b1\u2009433, respectively. p\u2009=\u20090.003). The number of fascicles in the sural nerve was also significantly lower than in the BB (10.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7 vs. 21.3\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7, respectively. p\u2009=\u20090.007). The sural nerve was grafted to the BB with end-to-end neurorrhaphy under surgical microscopy in cadaver sheep. The surgical anatomy and the number of fascicles of the ovine sural nerve were similar of those reported in humans. The results suggest that the sural nerve can be successfully used for facial nerve reconstruction research in a clinically relevant ovine model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46661-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T10:02:40Z","timestamp":1563789760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Surgical anatomy of the ovine sural nerve for facial nerve regeneration and reconstruction research"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Niimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0334-2140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuvshintugs","family":"Baljinnyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Niimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Matsumine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keibun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hal K.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Herndon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald S.","family":"Prough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perenlei","family":"Enkhbaatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"46661_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198010000-00001","volume":"90","author":"CG Jackson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Jackson, C. G., Glasscock, M. E. 3rd, Hughes, G. & Sismanis, A. Facial paralysis of neoplastic origin: diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope 90, 1581\u20131595 (1980).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"46661_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1006407","volume":"13","author":"JK Terzis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Terzis, J. K., Sun, D. D. & Thanos, P. K. Historical and basic science review: Past present, and future of nerve repair. Journal of reconstructive microsurgery 13, 215\u2013225 (1997).","journal-title":"Journal of reconstructive microsurgery"},{"key":"46661_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.05.016","volume":"61","author":"EI Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee, E. I., Hurvitz, K. A., Evans, G. R. D. & Wirth, G. A. Cross-facial nerve graft: past and present. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 61, 250\u2013256, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.05.016 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery"},{"key":"46661_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1540","volume":"8","author":"H Matsumine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matsumine, H., Sasaki, R., Yamato, M., Okano, T. & Sakurai, H. A polylactic acid non-woven nerve conduit for facial nerve regeneration in rats. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 8, 454\u2013462, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/term.1540 (2014).","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"46661_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30291","volume":"39","author":"Y Niimi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niimi, Y. et al. A collagen-coated PGA conduit for interpositional-jump graft with end-to-side neurorrhaphy for treating facial nerve paralysis in rat. Microsurgery 39, 70\u201380, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/micr.30291 (2019).","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"46661_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12665","volume":"26","author":"Mari Shimizu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimizu, M. et al. Adipose-derived stem cells and the stromal vascular fraction in polyglycolic acid-collagen nerve conduits promote rat facial nerve regeneration: Rat facial nerve regeneration with ADSCs or SVF. Wound Repair and Regeneration, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/wrr.12665 (2018).","journal-title":"Wound Repair and Regeneration"},{"issue":"8","key":"46661_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30389","volume":"38","author":"Wataru Kamei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamei, W. et al. Axonal supercharged interpositional jump-graft with a hybrid artificial nerve conduit containing adipose-derived stem cells in facial nerve paresis rat model. Microsurgery, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/micr.30389 (2018).","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"46661_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e416","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000397","volume":"3","author":"Y Niimi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Niimi, Y. et al. Effectively Axonal-supercharged Interpositional Jump-Graft with an Artificial Nerve Conduit for Rat Facial Nerve Paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 3, e416, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000397 (2015).","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"46661_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000206","volume":"2","author":"H Matsumine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matsumine, H. et al. Unilateral Multiple Facial Nerve Branch Reconstruction Using \u201cEnd-to-side Loop Graft\u201d Supercharged by Hypoglossal Nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2, e240, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000206 (2014).","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"46661_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2008.04.013","volume":"61","author":"K Matsuda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matsuda, K. et al. A new model of end-to-side nerve graft for multiple branch reconstruction: end-to-side cross-face nerve graft in rats. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61, 1357\u20131367, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2008.04.013 (2008).","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"46661_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2013.08.011","volume":"40","author":"H Ito","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ito, H. et al. Healing efficacy of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil in an ovine burn wound model. Burns 40, 511\u2013519, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.burns.2013.08.011 (2014).","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"46661_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199704)247:4<542::AID-AR13>3.0.CO;2-P","volume":"247","author":"HJ Wilke","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wilke, H. J., Kettler, A., Wenger, K. H. & Claes, L. E. Anatomy of the sheep spine and its comparison to the human spine. Anatomical Record 247, 542\u2013555, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199704)247:4<542::AID-AR13>3.0.CO;2-P (1997).","journal-title":"Anatomical Record"},{"key":"46661_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31458-1","volume":"388","author":"P Enkhbaatar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Enkhbaatar, P. et al. Pathophysiology, research challenges, and clinical management of smoke inhalation injury. Lancet 388, 1437\u20131446, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31458-1 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"46661_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204980","volume":"69","author":"S Asmussen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asmussen, S. et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells reduce the severity of acute lung injury in a sheep model of bacterial pneumonia. Thorax 69, 819\u2013825, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204980 (2014).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"46661_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Niimi, Y. et al. Surgical anatomy of ovine facial and hypoglossal nerves for facial nerve reconstruction and regeneration research: An experimental study in sheep. Microsurgery, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/micr.30405 (2019).","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30405"},{"key":"46661_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2010.009127","volume":"44","author":"R Sasaki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sasaki, R. et al. Surgical anatomy of the swine face. Lab Anim 44, 359\u2013363, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/la.2010.009127 (2010).","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"46661_CR17","first-page":"43","volume":"8","author":"DE Mattox","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mattox, D. E. & Felix, H. Surgical anatomy of the rat facial nerve. Am J Otol 8, 43\u201347 (1987).","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"key":"46661_CR18","unstructured":"May, N. D. S. Anatomy of the sheep. 3rd ed edn, (University of Queensland Press, 1970)."},{"key":"46661_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2001.19960717.x","volume":"199","author":"LB Solomon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Solomon, L. B., Ferris, L., Tedman, R. & Henneberg, M. Surgical anatomy of the sural and superficial fibular nerves with an emphasis on the approach to the lateral malleolus. J Anat 199, 717\u2013723 (2001).","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"46661_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.10016","volume":"15","author":"P Mahakkanukrauh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mahakkanukrauh, P. & Chomsung, R. Anatomical variations of the sural nerve. Clin Anat 15, 263\u2013266, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.10016 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"46661_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(87)80129-6","volume":"12","author":"ME Ortiguela","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ortiguela, M. E., Wood, M. B. & Cahill, D. R. Anatomy of the sural nerve complex. J Hand Surg Am 12, 1119\u20131123 (1987).","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"46661_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)00908-6","volume":"57","author":"ED Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim, E. D. & Seo, J. T. Minimally invasive technique for sural nerve harvesting: technical description and follow-up. Urology 57, 921\u2013924 (2001).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"46661_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000116283.76872.de","volume":"53","author":"M Kakibuchi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kakibuchi, M. et al. End-to-side nerve graft for facial nerve reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 53, 496\u2013500 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"46661_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.9.JNS1270","volume":"118","author":"A Hayashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayashi, A. et al. Hemihypoglossal nerve transfer for acute facial paralysis. J Neurosurg 118, 160\u2013166, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.9.JNS1270 (2013).","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"46661_CR25","unstructured":"Sasaki, R., Matsumine, H., Watanabe, Y., Yamato, M. & Ando, T. Surgical anatomy of the sural nerve for peripheral nerve reconstruction research in swine. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Sciences (2016)."},{"key":"46661_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182818cd4","volume":"131","author":"O Riedl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Riedl, O. & Frey, M. Anatomy of the Sural Nerve: Cadaver Study and Literature Review. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 131, 802\u2013810, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182818cd4 (2013).","journal-title":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"key":"46661_CR27","first-page":"670","volume":"89","author":"V Chentanez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chentanez, V., Cha-oumphol, P., Kaewsema, A., Agthong, S. & Huanmanop, T. Morphometric data of normal sural nerve in Thai adults. J Med Assoc Thai 89, 670\u2013674 (2006).","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"46661_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.4.897","volume":"108","author":"JM Jacobs","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. M. & Love, S. Qualitative and quantitative morphology of human sural nerve at different ages. Brain 108(Pt 4), 897\u2013924 (1985).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"46661_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"132","author":"F Behse","year":"1990","unstructured":"Behse, F. Morphometric studies on the human sural nerve. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 132, 1\u201338 (1990).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"46661_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003376","volume":"139","author":"A Hembd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hembd, A. et al. Correlation between facial nerve axonal load and age and its relevance to facial reanimation. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 139, 1459\u20131464, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003376 (2017).","journal-title":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"key":"46661_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.1.271","volume":"119","author":"JM Jacobs","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. M., Laing, J. H. E. & Harrison, D. H. Regeneration through a long nerve graft used in the correction of facial palsy - A qualitative and quantitative study. BRAIN 119, 271\u2013279 (1996).","journal-title":"BRAIN"},{"key":"46661_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1971.00770060061005","volume":"93","author":"GL Kullman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kullman, G. L., Dyck, P. J. & Cody, D. T. Anatomy of the mastoid portion of the facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 93, 29\u201333 (1971).","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"46661_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(02)00096-2","volume":"30","author":"L Dvali","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dvali, L. & Mackinnon, S. Nerve repair, grafting, and nerve transfers. Clin Plast Surg 30, 203\u2013221 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"46661_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(91)90343-K","volume":"49","author":"BL Eppley","year":"1991","unstructured":"Eppley, B. L. & Snyders, R. V. Jr. Microanatomic analysis of the trigeminal nerve and potential nerve graft donor sites. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49, 612\u2013618 (1991).","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"46661_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198908000-00006","volume":"23","author":"SE Mackinnon","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mackinnon, S. E. et al. Selection of optimal axon ratio for nerve regeneration. Ann Plast Surg 23, 129\u2013134 (1989).","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"46661_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181babb93","volume":"124","author":"JK Terzis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Terzis, J. K., Wang, W. & Zhao, Y. Effect of axonal load on the functional and aesthetic outcomes of the cross-facial nerve graft procedure for facial reanimation. Plast Reconstr Surg 124, 1499\u20131512, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181babb93 (2009).","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"46661_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, R. A., Breidenbach, W. C., Brown, R. E., Jabaley, M. E. & Mass, D. P. A randomized prospective study of polyglycolic acid conduits for digital nerve reconstruction in humans. Plast Reconstr Surg 106, 1036\u20131045; discussion 1046\u20131038 (2000).","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200010000-00013"},{"key":"46661_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1002\/term.387","volume":"5","author":"R Sasaki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sasaki, R. et al. PLGA artificial nerve conduits with dental pulp cells promote facial nerve regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 5, 823\u2013830, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/term.387 (2011).","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"46661_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/02844319950159442","volume":"33","author":"AK Kitahara","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kitahara, A. K. et al. Facial nerve repair using a collagen conduit in cats. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 33, 187\u2013193 (1999).","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"46661_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22033","volume":"44","author":"AM Moore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moore, A. M. et al. Acellular nerve allografts in peripheral nerve regeneration: a comparative study. Muscle Nerve 44, 221\u2013234, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.22033 (2011).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"46661_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21220","volume":"39","author":"EL Whitlock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whitlock, E. L. et al. Processed allografts and type I collagen conduits for repair of peripheral nerve gaps. Muscle Nerve 39, 787\u2013799, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21220 (2009).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"46661_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1919","volume":"11","author":"Yorikatsu Watanabe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Watanabe, Y., Sasaki, R., Matsumine, H., Yamato, M. & Okano, T. Undifferentiated and differentiated adipose-derived stem cells improve nerve regeneration in a rat model of facial nerve defect. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/term.1919 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine"},{"key":"46661_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000602","volume":"134","author":"R Sasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sasaki, R. et al. Electrophysiologic and functional evaluations of regenerated facial nerve defects with a tube containing dental pulp cells in rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 134, 970\u2013978, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000602 (2014).","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"46661_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.021","volume":"162","author":"AL Cattin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cattin, A. L. et al. Macrophage-Induced Blood Vessels Guide Schwann Cell-Mediated Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves. Cell 162, 1127\u20131139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.021 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"46661_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20128","volume":"25","author":"M Navissano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Navissano, M., Malan, F., Carnino, R. & Battiston, B. Neurotube for facial nerve repair. Microsurgery 25, 268\u2013271, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/micr.20128 (2005).","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"46661_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.03.031","volume":"223","author":"WZ Ray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ray, W. Z. & Mackinnon, S. E. Management of nerve gaps: autografts, allografts, nerve transfers, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Exp Neurol 223, 77\u201385, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.03.031 (2010).","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-46661-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-46661-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-46661-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T11:41:42Z","timestamp":1671277302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-46661-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46661-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"10564"}}