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However, the effects of salpingitis on tubal function and reproductive success are largely unknown. Therefore we set out to investigate the effects of inflammation on sperm and oocyte transport and gameto-maternal interaction in the oviduct using the bovine as a model. For this purpose, oviducts revealing mild (n\u2009=\u200945), moderate (n\u2009=\u200955) and severe (n\u2009=\u200945) inflammation were obtained from cows immediately after slaughter and investigated by live cell imaging, histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. Our studies showed that endometritis was always correlated with salpingitis. Moderate and severe inflammation caused a significant increase in the thickness of tubal folds (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Severe inflammation was characterized by luminal accumulations of mucus and glycoproteins, increased apoptosis, loss of tight junctions and shedding of tubal epithelial cells. The mean ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in the ampulla was significantly reduced as compared to the controls (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The higher the grade of inflammation, the lower was the CBF (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In severe inflammation, spermatozoa were stuck in mucus resulting in decreased sperm motility. Our results imply that tubal inflammation impairs proper tubal function and leads to reduced sperm fertilizing capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47431-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T10:03:04Z","timestamp":1564135384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Salpingitis Impairs Bovine Tubal Function and Sperm-Oviduct Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Loveth E.","family":"Owhor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4605-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"K\u00f6lle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"47431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml012","volume":"12","author":"RA Lyons","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lyons, R. 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