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One year exposure to air pollution was estimated using the Kriging method at the participant\u2019s residence. Multiple linear regression analysis, after adjustments for demographics and co-pollutants, was used to examine the effects of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> on body composition indices and force of handgrip. Changes in body composition for an interquartile (1.4\u2009\u03bcm\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) increase in PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentration included a 0.4\u2009kg (95% confidence interval (CI): \u22120.31, \u22120.58; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) decrease in skeletal muscle mass (2.0%) and a 0.7\u2009kg (95% CI: 0.47, 0.91; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) increase in body fat mass (3.6%). While PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> reduced fat free mass in the upper extremities and trunk, but not in the lower extremities, it increased body fat mass in the three parts. There was no significant effect of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> on handgrip force. Higher physical activity (versus lower than median) was associated with less detrimental effect of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> on skeletal muscle mass and body fat mass (p values for interaction term: 0.009 and 0.013, respectively). Long-term PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure is associated with decreased skeletal muscle mass and increased body fat mass in the elderly, which can be ameliorated by physical activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47576-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T10:02:43Z","timestamp":1564653763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Effects of PM2.5 on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Body Fat Mass of the Elderly in Taipei, Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chi-Hsien","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang-Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Da","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Che","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9295-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Shan","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue Leon","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"47576_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1139\/h10-067","volume":"35","author":"I Janssen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Janssen, I. 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