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The aim of this study is to determine whether immunophenotypic changes are associated with KoRV infection in free ranging Victorian koalas. qPCR was used to examine mRNA expression for Th1 (IFN\u03b3), Th2-promoting (IL6, IL10) and Th17 (IL17A) cytokines, along with CD4 and CD8 in whole blood of koalas (n\u2009=\u200974) from Mt Eccles and Raymond Island in Victoria, Australia, with and without natural chlamydial infection. KoRV positive koalas had significantly lower levels of IL17A (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>`<jats:italic>0<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>023<\/jats:italic>) and IFN\u03b3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009<jats:italic>0<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>044<\/jats:italic>) gene expression along with a decreased CD4:CD8 gene expression ratio (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009<jats:italic>0<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>025<\/jats:italic>) compared to negative koalas. No effect of chlamydial infection or combined effect of KoRV and chlamydial infection was detected in these populations. The decreased expression of IFN\u03b3 could make KoRV infected koalas more susceptible to persistent chlamydial infection, and a decrease in IL17A could make them more susceptible to gram negative bacterial, fungal and mycobacterial infection; but more tolerant of chlamydial infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47666-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T10:02:43Z","timestamp":1564653763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Altered immune parameters associated with Koala Retrovirus (KoRV) and Chlamydial infection in free ranging Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Iona E.","family":"Maher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Curnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1215-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien P.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"47666_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2012.00964.x","volume":"90","author":"G Simmons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simmons, G. et al. 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