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This study aimed to determine whether asymptomatic women with a history of sPTB or cervical surgery have altered levels of inflammatory\/antimicrobial mediators and\/or microflora within cervical fluid at 22\u201324 weeks gestation. External cervical fluid was collected from women with history of previous sPTB and\/or cervical surgery at 22\u201324 weeks gestation (n\u2009=\u2009135). Cytokine and antimicrobial peptides were measured on a multiplex platform or by ELISA. qPCR was performed for detection of 7 potentially pathogenic bacterial species. IL-8 and IL-1\u03b2 levels were lower in women who delivered preterm compared to those who delivered at term (IL-8 <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02; IL-1\u03b2 <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). There were no differences in elafin or human beta defensin-1 protein levels between the two groups. Multiple bacterial species were detected in a higher proportion of women who delivered preterm than in those who delivered at term (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005). Cervical fluid IL-8 and IL-1\u03b2 and microflora have the potential to be used as biomarkers to predict sPTB in high risk women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47756-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T11:19:54Z","timestamp":1564744794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Predictive value of cervical cytokine, antimicrobial and microflora levels for pre-term birth in high-risk women"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Manning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine P.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Innes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Stamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Peebles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Bajaj-Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith N.","family":"Bulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gendie E.","family":"Lash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"47756_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"53","author":"TJ Mathews","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mathews, T. 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