{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:53:13Z","timestamp":1776185593427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Female reproductive behaviours have important implications for evolutionary fitness and health of offspring. Here we used the second release of UK Biobank data (N\u2009=\u2009220,685) to evaluate the association between five female reproductive traits and polygenic risk scores (PRS) projected from genome-wide association study summary statistics of six psychiatric disorders (N\u2009=\u2009429,178). We found that the PRS of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were strongly associated with age at first birth (AFB) (genetic correlation of \u22120.68\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03), age at first sexual intercourse (AFS) (\u22120.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03), number of live births (NLB) (0.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04) and age at menopause (\u22120.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04). There were also robustly significant associations between the PRS of eating disorder (ED) and AFB (0.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06), ED and AFS (0.19\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06), major depressive disorder (MDD) and AFB (\u22120.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07), MDD and AFS (\u22120.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03) and schizophrenia and AFS (\u22120.10\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03). These associations were mostly explained by pleiotropic effects and there was little evidence of causal relationships. Our findings can potentially help improve reproductive health in women, hence better child outcomes. Our findings also lend partial support to the evolutionary hypothesis that causal mutations underlying psychiatric disorders have positive effects on reproductive success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48403-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T06:04:06Z","timestamp":1566194646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The genetic relationship between female reproductive traits and six psychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Guiyan","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azmeraw T.","family":"Amare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Gratten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Hong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"48403_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0195-1","volume":"1","author":"FC Tropf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tropf, F. C. et al. Hidden heritability due to heterogeneity across seven populations. Nature Human Behaviour 1, 757\u2013765 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"48403_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126821","volume":"10","author":"FC Tropf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tropf, F. C. et al. Human fertility, molecular genetics, and natural selection in modern societies. PLoS ONE 10, 1\u201314 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"48403_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3551","volume":"48","author":"FR Day","year":"2016","unstructured":"Day, F. R. et al. Physical and neurobehavioral determinants of reproductive onset and success. Nature genetics 48, 617 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"key":"48403_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4081","volume":"71","author":"JJ McGrath","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGrath, J. J. et al. A comprehensive assessment of parental age and psychiatric disorders. JAMA psychiatry 71, 301\u20139 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.4.334","volume":"161","author":"LA Croen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Croen, L. A., Najjar, D. V., Fireman, B. & Grether, J. K. Maternal and paternal age and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 161, 334\u2013340 (2007).","journal-title":"Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine"},{"key":"48403_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.02.012","volume":"2","author":"K Barclay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barclay, K. & Myrskyl\u00e4, M. Maternal age and offspring health and health behaviours in late adolescence in Sweden. SSM-population health 2, 68\u201376 (2016).","journal-title":"SSM-population health"},{"key":"48403_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu204","volume":"43","author":"Z Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang, Z. et al. Maternal age at childbirth and risk for ADHD in offspring: A population-based cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology 43, 1815\u20131824 (2014).","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"48403_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170999064X","volume":"40","author":"PR Menezes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Menezes, P. R. et al. Paternal and maternal ages at conception and risk of bipolar affective disorder in their offspring. Psychological medicine 40, 477\u2013485 (2010).","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"key":"48403_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt262","volume":"43","author":"S Idring","year":"2014","unstructured":"Idring, S. et al. Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort. International journal of epidemiology 43, 107\u2013115 (2014).","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"48403_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000119","volume":"125","author":"JE Tearne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tearne, J. E. et al. Older maternal age is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in young adult female offspring. Journal of abnormal psychology 125, 1 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal psychology"},{"key":"48403_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.2.163","volume":"153","author":"E Leibenluft","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leibenluft, E. Women with bipolar illness: clinical and research issues. American Journal of Psychiatry 153, 163 (1996).","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.6.773","volume":"156","author":"CB Ballinger","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ballinger, C. B. Psychiatric aspects of the menopause. The British Journal of Psychiatry 156, 773\u2013787 (1990).","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.08.001","volume":"39","author":"L Tondo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tondo, L., Pinna, M., Serra, G., De Chiara, L. & Baldessarini, R. J. Age at menarche predicts age at onset of major affective and anxiety disorders. European Psychiatry 39, 80\u201385 (2017).","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platt, J. M., Colich, N. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Gary, D. & Keyes, K. M. Transdiagnostic psychiatric disorder risk associated with early age of menarche: A latent modeling approach. Comprehensive Psychiatry (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.06.010"},{"key":"48403_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12332","volume":"23","author":"NK \u00d6zcan","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u00d6zcan, N. K., Boyac\u0131o\u011flu, N. E., Enginkaya, S., Din\u00e7, H. & Bilgin, H. Reproductive health in women with serious mental illnesses. Journal of clinical nursing 23, 1283\u20131291 (2014).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical nursing"},{"key":"48403_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-009-9114-3","volume":"27","author":"NR Matevosyan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matevosyan, N. R. Reproductive health in women with serious mental illnesses: a review. Sexuality and Disability 27, 109\u2013118 (2009).","journal-title":"Sexuality and Disability"},{"key":"48403_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.6.809","volume":"156","author":"AS Bellack","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bellack, A. S., Morrison, R. L., Wixted, J. T. & Mueser, K. T. An analysis of social competence in schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry 156, 809\u2013818 (1990).","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714001524","volume":"45","author":"GN Giordano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giordano, G. N., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, K., Sundquist, J. & Kendler, K. S. The association between cannabis abuse and subsequent schizophrenia: a Swedish national co-relative control study. Psychological medicine 45, 407\u2013414 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"key":"48403_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.01.039","volume":"45","author":"CP Salas-Wright","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salas-Wright, C. P., Vaughn, M. G., Ugalde, J. & Todic, J. Substance use and teen pregnancy in the United States: evidence from the NSDUH 2002\u20132012. Addictive behaviors 45, 218\u2013225 (2015).","journal-title":"Addictive behaviors"},{"key":"48403_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.218","volume":"39","author":"LF Reddy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reddy, L. F. et al. Impulsivity and risk taking in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 39, 456 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"48403_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3698","volume":"48","author":"N Barban","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barban, N. et al. Genome-wide analysis identifies 12 loci influencing human reproductive behavior. Nature genetics 48, 1462 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"key":"48403_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13545","volume":"514","author":"JRB Perry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perry, J. R. B. et al. Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche. Nature 514, 92 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"48403_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0137-9","volume":"8","author":"The Autism Spectrum Disorders Working Group of The Psychiatric Genomics, C","year":"2017","unstructured":"The Autism Spectrum Disorders Working Group of The Psychiatric Genomics, C. Meta-analysis of GWAS of over 16,000 individuals with autism spectrum disorder highlights a novel locus at 10q24.32 and a significant overlap with schizophrenia. Molecular Autism 8, 21 (2017).","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"48403_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0129","volume":"73","author":"D Mehta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mehta, D. et al. Evidence for genetic overlap between schizophrenia and age at first birth in women. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 497\u2013505 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3577","volume":"48","author":"J Gratten","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gratten, J. et al. Risk of psychiatric illness from advanced paternal age is not predominantly from de novo mutations. Nature Genetics 48, 718\u2013724 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"48403_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28160-z","volume":"8","author":"G Ni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ni, G., Gratten, J., Wray, N. R. & Lee, S. H. Age at first birth in women is genetically associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. Scientific reports 8, 10168 (2018).","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"48403_CR27","unstructured":"Demontis, D. et al. Discovery Of The First Genome-Wide Significant Risk Loci For ADHD. bioRxiv (2017)."},{"key":"48403_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16121402","volume":"174","author":"L Duncan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duncan, L. et al. Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry 174, 850\u2013858 (2017).","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.943","volume":"43","author":"Psychiatric Gwas Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group","year":"2011","unstructured":"Psychiatric Gwas Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4. Nature genetics 43, 977\u2013983 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"key":"48403_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.21","volume":"18","author":"S Ripke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ripke, S. et al. A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Molecular psychiatry 18, 497\u2013511 (2013).","journal-title":"Molecular psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","volume":"511","author":"Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 511, 421\u2013427 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"48403_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15833","volume":"8","author":"N Mullins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mullins, N. et al. Reproductive fitness and genetic risk of psychiatric disorders in the general population. Nature Communications 8, 15833 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"48403_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00100-2","volume":"67","author":"O El-Saadi","year":"2004","unstructured":"El-Saadi, O. et al. Paternal and maternal age as risk factors for psychosis: findings from Denmark, Sweden and Australia. Schizophrenia Research 67, 227\u2013236 (2004).","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"48403_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.7.673","volume":"60","author":"M Byrne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Byrne, M., Agerbo, E., Ewald, H., Eaton, W. W. & Mortensen, P. B. Parental age and risk of schizophrenia: a case-control study. Archives of general psychiatry 60, 673\u2013678 (2003).","journal-title":"Archives of general psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3679","volume":"48","author":"P-R Loh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loh, P.-R. et al. Reference-based phasing using the Haplotype Reference Consortium panel. Nature genetics 48, 1443 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"key":"48403_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Border, R. et al. Imputation of behavioral candidate gene repeat variants in 486,551 publicly-available UK Biobank individuals. European Journal of Human Genetics, 1 (2019).","DOI":"10.1101\/358267"},{"key":"48403_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06214-y","volume":"7","author":"SH Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, S. H., Weerasinghe, W. M. S. P. & van der Werf, J. H. J. Genotype-environment interaction on human cognitive function conditioned on the status of breastfeeding and maternal smoking around birth. Scientific Reports 7, 6087 (2017).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"48403_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.09.009","volume":"84","author":"WJ Peyrot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peyrot, W. J. et al. Does childhood trauma moderate polygenic risk for depression? A meta-analysis of 5765 subjects from the psychiatric genomics consortium. Biological psychiatry 84, 138\u2013147 (2018).","journal-title":"Biological psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw012","volume":"32","author":"SH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, S. H. & van der Werf, J. MTG2: An efficient algorithm for multivariate linear mixed model analysis based on genomic information. Bioinformatics 32, 1420\u20131422 (2016).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"48403_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","volume":"47","author":"B Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bulik-Sullivan, B. et al. An Atlas of Genetic Correlations across Human Diseases and Traits. Nature Genetics 47, 1236\u20131241 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"48403_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3211","volume":"47","author":"BK Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bulik-Sullivan, B. K. et al. LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies. Nature Genetics 47, 291\u2013295 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"48403_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.C. et al. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. GigaScience 4 (2015).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8"},{"key":"48403_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","volume":"37","author":"S Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Butterworth, A. & Thompson, S. G. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genetic epidemiology 37, 658\u2013665 (2013).","journal-title":"Genetic epidemiology"},{"key":"48403_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G. & Burgess, S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. International journal of epidemiology 44, 512\u2013525 (2015).","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"48403_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","volume":"40","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., Haycock, P. C. & Burgess, S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genetic epidemiology 40, 304\u2013314 (2016).","journal-title":"Genetic epidemiology"},{"key":"48403_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","volume":"46","author":"FP Hartwig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartwig, F. P., Davey Smith, G. & Bowden, J. Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption. International journal of epidemiology 46, 1985\u20131998 (2017).","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"48403_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34408","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","volume":"7","author":"G Hemani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hemani, G. et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. eLife 7, e34408 (2018).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"48403_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw252","volume":"45","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden, J. et al. Assessing the suitability of summary data for two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses using MR-Egger regression: the role of the I 2 statistic. International journal of epidemiology 45, 1961\u20131974 (2016).","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"48403_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.12.006","volume":"96","author":"R Maier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maier, R. et al. Joint Analysis of Psychiatric Disorders Increases Accuracy of Risk Prediction for Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder. American Journal of Human Genetics 96, 283\u2013294 (2015).","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"48403_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02769-6","volume":"9","author":"RM Maier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maier, R. M. et al. Improving genetic prediction by leveraging genetic correlations among human diseases and traits. Nature Communications 9, 989 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"48403_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716632517","volume":"61","author":"Z Durisko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Durisko, Z., Mulsant, B. H., McKenzie, K. & Andrews, P. W. Using evolutionary theory to guide mental health research. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 61, 159\u2013165 (2016).","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escott-Price, V. et al. The Relationship Between Common Variant Schizophrenia Liability and Number of Offspring in the UK Biobank. American Journal of Psychiatry, appi-ajp (2019).","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19010071r"},{"key":"48403_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181049","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181049","volume":"6","author":"RB Lawn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lawn, R. B. et al. Schizophrenia risk and reproductive success: a Mendelian randomization study. Royal Society Open Science 6, 181049 (2019).","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"48403_CR54","first-page":"679","volume":"32","author":"GD Mishra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mishra, G. D. et al. Early menarche, nulliparity and the risk for premature and early natural menopause. Human Reproduction 32, 679\u2013686 (2017).","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"48403_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, G. et al. Estimation of Genetic Correlation via Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Genomic Restricted Maximum Likelihood. American Journal of Human Genetics 102 (2018).","DOI":"10.1101\/194019"},{"key":"48403_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs050","volume":"38","author":"F Varese","year":"2012","unstructured":"Varese, F. et al. Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophr Bull 38, 661\u201371 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"48403_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.179655","volume":"209","author":"JE Palmier-Claus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palmier-Claus, J. E., Berry, K., Bucci, S., Mansell, W. & Varese, F. Relationship between childhood adversity and bipolar affective disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 209, 454\u2013459 (2016).","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"48403_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.12.013","volume":"82","author":"DP Chapman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chapman, D. P. et al. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. J Affect Disord 82, 217\u201325 (2004).","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"48403_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.je.2016.09.004","volume":"27","author":"Y Choi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi, Y., Shin, J., Cho, K. H. & Park, E. C. Change in household income and risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood: A nationwide population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol 27, 56\u201362 (2017).","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"48403_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155883","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155883","volume":"11","author":"D Amir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amir, D., Jordan, M. R. & Bribiescas, R. G. A Longitudinal Assessment of Associations between Adolescent Environment, Adversity Perception, and Economic Status on Fertility and Age of Menarche. PLoS One 11, e0155883 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"48403_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170170","volume":"12","author":"T van Roode","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Roode, T., Sharples, K., Dickson, N. & Paul, C. Life-Course Relationship between Socioeconomic Circumstances and Timing of First Birth in a Birth Cohort. PLoS One 12, e0170170 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-48403-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-48403-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-48403-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T07:41:36Z","timestamp":1671262896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-48403-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-48403-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/433946","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"12041"}}