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With repetition, such behavior can become habitual and noncontingent on actions-outcomes. The formation of habits is a natural process that can become pathological, such as in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The present study used the Sapap3-knockout (KO) mouse model of OCD to assess habit formation based on reward devaluation. We also tested wildtype mice under different training and food-restriction schedules to assess the extent of natural habit formation. We found that Sapap3-KO mice were insensitive to the devaluation of a sucrose reward under conditions in which wildtype littermates were sensitive to devaluation. Moreover, food restriction favored goal-directed action in wildtype mice, whereas mice that were fed <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic> were more likely to form habitual behavior but nevertheless maintained partly goal-directed lever-press behavior. In conclusion, only Sapap3-KO mice developed behavior that was fully insensitive to reward devaluation, suggesting that pathological habits in OCD patients are recapitulated in the present Sapap3-KO mouse model. In wildtype mice, the extent of habit formation was influenced by the state of satiety during training and the reinforcement schedule.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48637-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T10:04:06Z","timestamp":1566209046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Aberrant habit formation in the Sapap3-knockout mouse model of obsessive-compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lotfi C.","family":"Hadjas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"L\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3512-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda D.","family":"Simmler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"48637_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler, R. 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C.L. is a member of the following scientific advisory boards: Stalicla S.A., Phe\u0301nix Foundation, and the International Research in Paraplegia (IRP) Foundation, Geneva.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"12061"}}