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Lymphatic vessels develop during PD-related peritoneal fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, also called CCN2) is an important determinant of fibrotic tissue remodeling, but little is known about its possible involvement in lymphangiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the relationship between CTGF and peritoneal lymphangiogenesis. A positive correlation was observed between vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), a major lymphangiogenic growth factor, and the CTGF concentration in human PD effluents. CTGF expression was positively correlated with expression of lymphatic markers and VEGF-C in human peritoneal biopsies. We found a positive correlation between the increase in CTGF and the increase in VEGF-C in cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) treated with transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21). The diaphragm is a central player in peritoneal lymphatic absorption. CTGF expression was also correlated with expression of VEGF-C and lymphatics in a rat diaphragmatic fibrosis model induced by chlorhexidine gluconate (CG). Furthermore, CTGF gene deletion reduced VEGF-C expression and peritoneal lymphangiogenesis in the mouse CG model. Inhibition of CTGF also reduced VEGF-C upregulation in HPMCs treated with TGF-\u03b21. Our results suggest a close relationship between CTGF and PD-associated lymphangiogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48699-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T10:03:05Z","timestamp":1566381785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Connective tissue growth factor is correlated with peritoneal lymphangiogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kinashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naohiro","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tri Q.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Katsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Aten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8858-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoichi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0339-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motoko","family":"Yanagita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel","family":"Goldschmeding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"48699_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113207","volume":"80","author":"RA Mactier","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mactier, R. 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