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In contrast, little is known as to whether ionizing radiation exposure causes primary glaucoma, except that a single study in Japanese atomic bomb survivors has reported a significantly increase risk. Therefore, the effect of lower dose and lower dose rate remains unclear. Here we report that in Russian Mayak Production Association workers occupationally exposed to chronic radiation for prolonged periods, incidence of total primary glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma is significantly associated with various non-radiation factors (sex, attained age, and cataract diagnosed prior to glaucoma), but neither with cumulative dose from external \u03b3-rays nor with cumulative neutron dose nor with the unweighted sum of cumulative \u03b3 and neutron doses. The present results suggest for the first time that chronic radiation exposure does not cause primary glaucoma, although the analyses need to be made in other cohorts exposed at various dose and dose rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48915-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T10:03:18Z","timestamp":1566986598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Glaucoma incidence risk in a cohort of Mayak PA workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Evgeny V.","family":"Bragin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6954-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara V.","family":"Azizova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria V.","family":"Bannikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeniya S.","family":"Grigoryeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2518-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"48915_CR1","first-page":"323","volume":"72","author":"B Thylefors","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thylefors, B. & Negrel, A. 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