{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1785239436051,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002462","name":"Chungnam National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-2204-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-2204-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glucocorticoid (GC) is a steroid hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex in response to stress, which acts by binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Dexamethasone (DEX) is a synthetic GC exhibiting immunosuppressive effects in both human and rodent models of hearing loss. While clinical evidence has shown the effectiveness of DEX for treatment of various inner ear diseases, its mechanisms of action and the optimal timing of treatment are not well understood. In the present study, intergroup comparisons were conducted based on the time point of treatment with DEX: (1) pretreatment; (2) posttreatment; and (3) pre&amp;post-noise. The pre&amp;post DEX treatment group showed a significant improvement in threshold shift at 1\u2009day post-noise exposure as compared to the TTS (transient threshold shift)-only group at 8 and 16\u2009kHz. Both TTS and PTS (permanent threshold shift) significantly reduced cochlear GR mRNA expression and increased serum corticosterone and cochlear inflammatory cytokines. The pre&amp;post DEX treatment group showed a significant decrease in serum corticosterone level as compared to other DEX treatment groups and TTS-treated group at 3 days after acoustic trauma. Our results suggest that the timing of DEX administration differentially modulates systemic steroid levels, GR expression and cochlear cytokine expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49133-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T18:11:06Z","timestamp":1567447866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cochlear Glucocorticoid Receptor and Serum Corticosterone Expression in a Rodent Model of Noise-induced Hearing Loss: Comparison of Timing of Dexamethasone Administration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Seung-Hun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ah-Ra","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Ae","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Hun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-A","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"49133_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480090092034","volume":"267","author":"GP Chrousos","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chrousos, G. P. & Gold, P. W. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. Jama 267, 1244\u20131252 (1992).","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"49133_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyre, P. M. & Munck, A. Glucocorticoids. (1998).","DOI":"10.1006\/rwei.1999.0258"},{"key":"49133_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frew, A. J. In Clinical Immunology (Fifth Edition) 1227\u20131235. e1221 (Elsevier, 2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6896-6.00091-0"},{"key":"49133_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spies, C. M. et al. Glucocorticoids. 25, 891\u2013900 (2011).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.11.002"},{"key":"49133_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.3.253","volume":"127","author":"C Alexiou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alexiou, C. et al. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: does application of glucocorticoids make sense? Archives of otolaryngology\u2013head & neck surgery 127, 253\u2013258 (2001).","journal-title":"Archives of otolaryngology\u2013head & neck surgery"},{"key":"49133_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.06.003","volume":"281","author":"I Meltser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meltser, I. & Canlon, B. Protecting the auditory system with glucocorticoids. Hearing research 281, 47\u201355, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2011.06.003 (2011).","journal-title":"Hearing research"},{"issue":"5","key":"49133_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2004.03.004","volume":"37","author":"David M. Barrs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barrs, D. M. Intratympanic corticosteroids for Meniere\u2019s disease and vertigo. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 37, 955\u2013972, v, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2004.03.004 (2004).","journal-title":"Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"},{"key":"49133_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2004.04.004","volume":"37","author":"SD Rauch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rauch, S. D. Intratympanic steroids for sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 37, 1061\u20131074 (2004).","journal-title":"Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"},{"key":"49133_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1097\/mlg.0b013e3180316d3b","volume":"117","author":"BO Westerlaken","year":"2007","unstructured":"Westerlaken, B. O., de Kleine, E., van der Laan, B. & Albers, F. The treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss using pulse therapy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. The Laryngoscope 117, 684\u2013690 (2007).","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"key":"49133_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)32783-3","volume":"8","author":"L Siegel","year":"1975","unstructured":"Siegel, L. The treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 8, 467 (1975).","journal-title":"Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"},{"key":"49133_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morawski, K., Telischi, F. F., Bohorquez, J., Niemczyk, K. J. O. & Neurotology. Preventing hearing damage using topical dexamethasone during reversible cochlear ischemia: an animal model. 30, 851\u2013857 (2009).","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181b12296"},{"key":"49133_CR12","first-page":"230","volume":"19","author":"NA Shirwany","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shirwany, N. A., Seidman, M. D. & Tang, W. Effect of transtympanic injection of steroids on cochlear blood flow, auditory sensitivity, and histology in the guinea pig. Am J Otol 19, 230\u2013235 (1998).","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"key":"49133_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.05.006","volume":"280","author":"M Terakado","year":"2011","unstructured":"Terakado, M., Kumagami, H. & Takahashi, H. Distribution of glucocorticoid receptors and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms in the rat inner ear. Hear Res 280, 148\u2013156, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2011.05.006 (2011).","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"49133_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940211101213","volume":"111","author":"T Shimazaki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shimazaki, T., Ichimiya, I., Suzuki, M. & Mogi, G. Localization of glucocorticoid receptors in the murine inner ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 111, 1133\u20131138, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000348940211101213 (2002).","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"49133_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/s0194-5998(96)70133-x","volume":"115","author":"KE Rarey","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rarey, K. E. & Curtis, L. M. Receptors for glucocorticoids in the human inner ear. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 115, 38\u201341, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0194-5998(96)70133-x (1996).","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"49133_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.049","volume":"126","author":"AL Bookout","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bookout, A. L. et al. Anatomical profiling of nuclear receptor expression reveals a hierarchical transcriptional network. Cell 126, 789\u2013799 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"49133_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.759","volume":"43","author":"S John","year":"2011","unstructured":"John, S. et al. Chromatin accessibility pre-determines glucocorticoid receptor binding patterns. Nature genetics 43, 264 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"key":"49133_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030094","volume":"3","author":"AY-L So","year":"2007","unstructured":"So, A. Y.-L., Chaivorapol, C., Bolton, E. C., Li, H. & Yamamoto, K. R. Determinants of cell-and gene-specific transcriptional regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor. PLoS genetics 3, e94 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS genetics"},{"key":"49133_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0863","volume":"150","author":"S John","year":"2009","unstructured":"John, S. et al. Kinetic complexity of the global response to glucocorticoid receptor action. Endocrinology 150, 1766\u20131774 (2009).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"49133_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195230","volume":"13","author":"AR Lyu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lyu, A. R. et al. Effects of dexamethasone on intracochlear inflammation and residual hearing after cochleostomy: A comparison of administration routes. PLoS One 13, e0195230, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0195230 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"49133_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takemura, K. et al. Direct inner ear infusion of dexamethasone attenuates noise-induced trauma in guinea pig. 196, 58\u201368 (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2004.06.003"},{"key":"49133_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bird, P. A., Murray, D. P., Zhang, M., Begg, E. J. J. O. & Neurotology. Intratympanic versus intravenous delivery of dexamethasone and dexamethasone sodium phosphate to cochlear perilymph. 32, 933\u2013936 (2011).","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3182255933"},{"key":"49133_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eastwood, H. et al. Round window delivery of dexamethasone ameliorates local and remote hearing loss produced by cochlear implantation into the second turn of the guinea pig cochlea. 265, 25\u201329 (2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.03.006"},{"key":"49133_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshraghi, A. A. et al. Local dexamethasone therapy conserves hearing in an animal model of electrode insertion trauma-induced hearing loss. 28, 842\u2013849 (2007).","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31805778fc"},{"key":"49133_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E29","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25345","volume":"126","author":"UR Heinrich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heinrich, U. R., Strieth, S., Schmidtmann, I., Stauber, R. & Helling, K. Dexamethasone prevents hearing loss by restoring glucocorticoid receptor expression in the guinea pig cochlea. Laryngoscope 126, E29\u201334, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.25345 (2016).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"49133_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J. et al. Effect of both local and systemically administered dexamethasone on long-term hearing and tissue response in a Guinea pig model of cochlear implantation. 18, 392\u2013405 (2013).","DOI":"10.1159\/000353582"},{"key":"49133_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, D., Daniel, S. J. J. O. H. & Surgery, N. Intratympanic dexamethasone to prevent cisplatin ototoxicity: a guinea pig model. 145, 452\u2013457 (2011).","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811406673"},{"key":"49133_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(08)60974-7","volume":"33","author":"EE Baulieu","year":"1975","unstructured":"Baulieu, E. E. et al. Steroid hormone receptors. Vitamins and hormones 33, 649\u2013736 (1975).","journal-title":"Vitamins and hormones"},{"key":"49133_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2003.10.002","volume":"120","author":"T Terunuma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Terunuma, T., Kawauchi, S., Kajihara, M., Takahashi, S. & Hara, A. Effect of acoustic stress on glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the cochlea of the guinea pig. Brain research. Molecular brain research 120, 65\u201372 (2003).","journal-title":"Brain research. Molecular brain research"},{"key":"49133_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(94)00171-L","volume":"82","author":"KE Rarey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rarey, K. E., Gerhardt, K. J., Curtis, L. M. & ten Cate, W. J. Effect of stress on cochlear glucocorticoid protein: acoustic stress. Hear Res 82, 135\u2013138 (1995).","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"49133_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2004.09.008","volume":"31","author":"T Mori","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mori, T., Fujimura, K., Yoshida, M. & Suzuki, H. Effects of glucocorticoid receptor antagonist on CAPs threshold shift due to short-term sound exposure in guinea pigs. Auris, nasus, larynx 31, 395\u2013399, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anl.2004.09.008 (2004).","journal-title":"Auris, nasus, larynx"},{"key":"49133_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.11.029","volume":"413","author":"Y Hirose","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hirose, Y. et al. The effects of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 and phospholipase A2 inhibitor quinacrine on acoustic injury of the mouse cochlea. Neurosci Lett 413, 63\u201367, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.11.029 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"49133_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20795","volume":"83","author":"Y Tahera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tahera, Y. et al. NF-kappaB mediated glucocorticoid response in the inner ear after acoustic trauma. Journal of neuroscience research 83, 1066\u20131076, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.20795 (2006).","journal-title":"Journal of neuroscience research"},{"key":"49133_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gola, H. et al. Reduced peripheral expression of the glucocorticoid receptor \u03b1 isoform in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: a cumulative effect of trauma burden. 9, e86333 (2014).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086333"},{"key":"49133_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.10.006","volume":"259","author":"B Mazurek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mazurek, B. et al. Stress induces transient auditory hypersensitivity in rats. Hearing research 259, 55\u201363, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2009.10.006 (2010).","journal-title":"Hearing research"},{"key":"49133_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708821200","volume":"283","author":"C-M Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee, C.-M., Kim, B.-Y., Li, L. & Morgan, E. T. Nitric oxide-dependent proteasomal degradation of cytochrome P450 2B proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 283, 889\u2013898 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"49133_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)89482-4","volume":"266","author":"JE Bodwell","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bodwell, J. E. et al. Identification of phosphorylated sites in the mouse glucocorticoid receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 7549\u20137555 (1991).","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"49133_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480903168066","volume":"130","author":"UR Heinrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heinrich, U. R. et al. Noise exposure alters cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) expression in the guinea pig cochlea. Acta Otolaryngol 130, 358\u2013365, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016480903168066 (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"49133_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E29","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25345","volume":"126","author":"Ulf-R\u00fcdiger Heinrich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heinrich, U. R., Strieth, S., Schmidtmann, I., Stauber, R. & Helling, K. Dexamethasone prevents hearing loss by restoring glucocorticoid receptor expression in the guinea pig cochlea. 126, E29\u201334, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.25345 (2016).","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"49133_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E29","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25345","volume":"126","author":"Ulf-R\u00fcdiger Heinrich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heinrich, U. R., Strieth, S., Schmidtmann, I., Stauber, R. & Helling, K. Dexamethasone prevents hearing loss by restoring glucocorticoid receptor expression in the guinea pig cochlea. Laryngoscope, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.25345 (2015).","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"key":"49133_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5899","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.16.5899","volume":"83","author":"S Okret","year":"1986","unstructured":"Okret, S., Poellinger, L., Dong, Y. & Gustafsson, J.-A. Down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA by glucocorticoid hormones and recognition by the receptor of a specific binding sequence within a receptor cDNA clone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 83, 5899\u20135903 (1986).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"49133_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-2-12-1256","volume":"2","author":"Y Dong","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Poellinger, L., Gustafsson, J. A. & Okret, S. Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression: evidence for transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Mol Endocrinol 2, 1256\u20131264, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/mend-2-12-1256 (1988).","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"49133_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2012.744755","volume":"123","author":"Y Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Changes of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins emphasized their roles in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. The International journal of neuroscience 123, 191\u2013195, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00207454.2012.744755 (2013).","journal-title":"The International journal of neuroscience"},{"key":"49133_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20619","volume":"489","author":"K Hirose","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hirose, K., Discolo, C. M., Keasler, J. R. & Ransohoff, R. Mononuclear phagocytes migrate into the murine cochlea after acoustic trauma. The Journal of comparative neurology 489, 180\u2013194, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.20619 (2005).","journal-title":"The Journal of comparative neurology"},{"key":"49133_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00287","volume":"5","author":"M Fujioka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fujioka, M., Okano, H. & Ogawa, K. Inflammatory and immune responses in the cochlea: potential therapeutic targets for sensorineural hearing loss. Frontiers in pharmacology 5, 287, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2014.00287 (2014).","journal-title":"Frontiers in pharmacology"},{"key":"49133_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2009.09.002","volume":"75","author":"NC Nicolaides","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nicolaides, N. C., Galata, Z., Kino, T., Chrousos, G. P. & Charmandari, E. The human glucocorticoid receptor: molecular basis of biologic function. Steroids 75, 1\u201312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2009.09.002 (2010).","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"49133_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.21018","volume":"11","author":"RA Samarasinghe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samarasinghe, R. A., Witchell, S. F. & DeFranco, D. B. Cooperativity and complementarity: synergies in non-classical and classical glucocorticoid signaling. Cell Cycle 11, 2819\u20132827, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/cc.21018 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"49133_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spahn, J. D. & Szefler, S. J. In Pediatric Respiratory Medicine 219\u2013233 (Elsevier, 2008).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-032304048-8.50020-7"},{"key":"49133_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81183-6","volume":"93","author":"HM Reichardt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reichardt, H. M. et al. DNA binding of the glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for survival. Cell 93, 531\u2013541 (1998).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"49133_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2007.12.002","volume":"73","author":"M Lowenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lowenberg, M., Stahn, C., Hommes, D. W. & Buttgereit, F. Novel insights into mechanisms of glucocorticoid action and the development of new glucocorticoid receptor ligands. Steroids 73, 1025\u20131029, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2007.12.002 (2008).","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"49133_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2009.12.025","volume":"129","author":"T Weichhart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weichhart, T. et al. The anti-inflammatory potency of dexamethasone is determined by the route of application in vivo. Immunology letters 129, 50\u201352 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunology letters"},{"key":"49133_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28034","volume":"117","author":"JP Tuckermann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tuckermann, J. P. et al. Macrophages and neutrophils are the targets for immune suppression by glucocorticoids in contact allergy. The Journal of clinical investigation 117, 1381\u20131390 (2007).","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical investigation"},{"key":"49133_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.5.2008059","volume":"164","author":"RT Sadikot","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sadikot, R. T. et al. High-dose dexamethasone accentuates nuclear factor-\u03ba B activation in endotoxin-treated mice. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 164, 873\u2013878 (2001).","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"49133_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, W. K. et al. Susceptibility of Diabetic Mice to Noise Trauma. BioMed research international 2018 (2018).","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7601232"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-49133-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-49133-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-49133-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T13:12:10Z","timestamp":1671282730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-49133-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["49133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-49133-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"12646"}}