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However, its circulating molecular form and exact concentrations in human health\/diseases are not known. Blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human serum was used to confirm the native conformation of \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-macroglobulin. We created an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suitable for quantifying its circulating molecular form and undertook a cross-sectional study to measure its serum levels in 248 patients with diabetes mellitus and 59 healthy volunteers. The predominant circulating molecular form of \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-macroglobulin was the tetramer, whereas its dimer was detectable in patients with high serum levels of \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-macroglobulin. The serum \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-macroglobulin concentration was not associated with glycated hemoglobin or any other glycemic variable as evaluated from 48-h continuous glucose monitoring, but showed close correlation with left ventricular posterior wall thickness, carotid artery intima-media thickness, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) and brachial\u2013ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Multivariate analysis revealed only the ACR and baPWV to be independent variables influencing serum levels of \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-macroglobulin. Thus, an increased ACR and baPWV are associated with higher serum concentrations of \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-macroglobulin, and the latter may contribute to the mechanism by which albuminuria increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49144-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T10:04:12Z","timestamp":1568109852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Molecular form and concentration of serum \u03b12-macroglobulin in diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sonomi","family":"Yoshino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazumi","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesshu","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayuki","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junro","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Kamata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Kodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5704-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Shichiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"49144_CR1","first-page":"R203","volume":"275","author":"MA Talamini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Talamini, M. 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