{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T22:54:35Z","timestamp":1787612075235,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2313-B-007-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2313-B-007-002-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST105-2311-B-007-007-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST105-2311-B-007-007-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The emergence of drug-resistant fungal pathogens is becoming increasingly serious due to overuse of antifungals. Antimicrobial peptides have potent activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including fungi, and are considered a potential new class of antifungals. In this study, we examined the activities of the newly designed peptides P-113Du and P-113Tri, together with their parental peptide P-113, against the human fungal pathogen <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. The results showed that these peptides inhibit mitochondrial complex I, specifically NADH dehydrogenase, of the electron transport chain. Moreover, P-113Du and P-113Tri also block alternative NADH dehydrogenases. Currently, most inhibitors of the mitochondrial complex I are small molecules or artificially-designed antibodies. Here, we demonstrated novel functions of antimicrobial peptides in inhibiting the mitochondrial complex I of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albican<\/jats:italic>s, providing insight in the development of new antifungal agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50114-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T10:02:55Z","timestamp":1569232975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Novel mitochondrial complex I-inhibiting peptides restrain NADH dehydrogenase activity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yao-Peng","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mou-Chieh","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Yu","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"50114_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6121543","volume":"6","author":"AA Bahar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bahar, A. A. & Ren, D. Antimicrobial peptides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 6, 1543\u20131575, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph6121543 (2013).","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"50114_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/ph7050545","volume":"7","author":"G Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, G. Human antimicrobial peptides and proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 7, 545\u2013594, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph7050545 (2014).","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"50114_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.2970","volume":"23","author":"SMS Ng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng, S. M. S. et al. Antifungal peptides: a potential new class of antifungals for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by fluconazole\u2010resistant Candida albicans. Journal of Peptide Science 23, 215\u2013221 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Peptide Science"},{"key":"50114_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.5.1367-1373.2001","volume":"45","author":"DM Rothstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rothstein, D. M. et al. Anticandida activity is retained in P-113, a 12-amino-acid fragment of histatin 5. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, 1367\u20131373, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.45.5.1367-1373.2001 (2001).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"50114_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(96)00265-X","volume":"177","author":"J Driscoll","year":"1996","unstructured":"Driscoll, J. et al. Candidacidal activity of human salivary histatin recombinant variants produced by site-directed mutagenesis. Gene 177, 29\u201334 (1996).","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"50114_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3260039","volume":"326","author":"EJ Helmerhorst","year":"1997","unstructured":"Helmerhorst, E. J., Wim, V. T. H., VEERMAN, E. C., Simoons-Smit, I. & Arie, V. Synthetic histatin analogues with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Biochemical Journal 326, 39\u201345 (1997).","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"50114_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028005404.x","volume":"28","author":"N Mickels","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mickels, N. et al. Clinical and microbial evaluation of a histatin\u2010containing mouthrinse in humans with experimental gingivitis. Journal of clinical periodontology 28, 404\u2013410 (2001).","journal-title":"Journal of clinical periodontology"},{"key":"50114_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6369","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00699-16","volume":"60","author":"G-Y Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin, G.-Y. et al. The Antimicrobial Peptides P-113Du and P-113Tri Function against Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60, 6369\u20136373, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00699-16 (2016).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"50114_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01199-07","volume":"52","author":"WS Jang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jang, W. S., Li, X. S., Sun, J. N. & Edgerton, M. The P-113 fragment of histatin 5 requires a specific peptide sequence for intracellular translocation in Candida albicans, which is independent of cell wall binding. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52, 497\u2013504, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01199-07 (2008).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"50114_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(98)00029-2","volume":"1364","author":"M Degli Esposti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Degli Esposti, M. Inhibitors of NADH-ubiquinone reductase: an overview. Biochim Biophys Acta 1364, 222\u2013235 (1998).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"50114_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.2915","volume":"29","author":"M Calahorra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calahorra, M., S\u00e1nchez, N. S. & Pe\u00f1a, A. Characterization of glycolytic metabolism and ion transport of Candida albicans. Yeast 29, 357\u2013370, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/yea.2915 (2012).","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"50114_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.605","volume":"42","author":"SM Noble","year":"2010","unstructured":"Noble, S. M., French, S., Kohn, L. A., Chen, V. & Johnson, A. D. Systematic screens of a Candida albicans homozygous deletion library decouple morphogenetic switching and pathogenicity. Nat Genet 42, 590\u2013598, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.605 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"50114_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-015-0518-6","volume":"62","author":"D Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, D., She, X. & Calderone, R. Functional diversity of complex I subunits in Candida albicans mitochondria. Curr Genet 62, 87\u201395, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00294-015-0518-6 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr Genet"},{"key":"50114_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2017.08.003","volume":"38","author":"X She","year":"2018","unstructured":"She, X. et al. A mitochondrial proteomics view of complex I deficiency in Candida albicans. Mitochondrion 38, 48\u201357, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mito.2017.08.003 (2018).","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"50114_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01520-12","volume":"57","author":"N Sun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sun, N. et al. Azole susceptibility and transcriptome profiling in Candida albicans mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I mutants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57, 532\u2013542, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01520-12 (2013).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"50114_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-2023(02)00036-1","volume":"26","author":"A Barrientos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barrientos, A. In vivo and in organello assessment of OXPHOS activities. Methods 26, 307\u2013316, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1046-2023(02)00036-1 (2002).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"50114_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1356(03)00036-9","volume":"3","author":"A Veiga","year":"2003","unstructured":"Veiga, A., Arraba\u00e7a, J. D. & Loureiro-Dias, M. C. Cyanide-resistant respiration, a very frequent metabolic pathway in yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 3, 239\u2013245 (2003).","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"50114_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-2728(00)00162-6","volume":"1459","author":"SJ Kerscher","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kerscher, S. J. Diversity and origin of alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1459, 274\u2013283, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0005-2728(00)00162-6 (2000).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"50114_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00303-10","volume":"10","author":"D Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, D. et al. Enzymatic dysfunction of mitochondrial complex I of the Candida albicans goa1 mutant is associated with increased reactive oxidants and cell death. Eukaryot Cell 10, 672\u2013682, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/EC.00303-10 (2011).","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"50114_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(02)00308-0","volume":"1556","author":"EJ Helmerhorst","year":"2002","unstructured":"Helmerhorst, E. J., Murphy, M. P., Troxler, R. F. & Oppenheim, F. G. Characterization of the mitochondrial respiratory pathways in Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta 1556, 73\u201380 (2002).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"50114_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142539","volume":"75","author":"U Brandt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brandt, U. Energy converting NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Annu Rev Biochem 75, 69\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142539 (2006).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"50114_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24529","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.38.24529","volume":"273","author":"MA Luttik","year":"1998","unstructured":"Luttik, M. A. et al. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae NDE1 and NDE2 genes encode separate mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenases catalyzing the oxidation of cytosolic NADH. J Biol Chem 273, 24529\u201324534 (1998).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"50114_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-070511-103700","volume":"82","author":"J Hirst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hirst, J. Mitochondrial complex I. Annu Rev Biochem 82, 551\u2013575, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-biochem-070511-103700 (2013).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"50114_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081386","volume":"417","author":"MP Murphy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murphy, M. P. How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem J 417, 1\u201313, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20081386 (2009).","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"50114_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(99)00010-X","volume":"424","author":"LJ Marnett","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marnett, L. J. Lipid peroxidation-DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Mutat Res 424, 83\u201395 (1999).","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"50114_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27986","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13315C","volume":"5","author":"SB Nimse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nimse, S. B. & Pal, D. Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms. RSC Advances 5, 27986\u201328006, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C4RA13315C (2015).","journal-title":"RSC Advances"},{"key":"50114_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801610010012","volume":"10","author":"MA Ansari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ansari, M. A., Fatima, Z. & Hameed, S. Antifungal Action of Methylene Blue Involves Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Disruption of Redox and Membrane Homeostasis in C. albicans. Open Microbiol J 10, 12\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874285801610010012 (2016).","journal-title":"Open Microbiol J"},{"key":"50114_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3030046","volume":"3","author":"M Bondaryk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bondaryk, M., Staniszewska, M., Zieli\u0144ska, P. & Urba\u0144czyk-Lipkowska, Z. Natural Antimicrobial Peptides as Inspiration for Design of a New Generation Antifungal Compounds. Journal of Fungi 3, 46, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof3030046 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"key":"50114_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00095-14","volume":"13","author":"S Puri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puri, S. & Edgerton, M. How does it kill?: understanding the candidacidal mechanism of salivary histatin 5. Eukaryot Cell 13, 958\u2013964, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/EC.00095-14 (2014).","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"50114_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.2.348-354.2000","volume":"44","author":"C Gyurko","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gyurko, C., Lendenmann, U., Troxler, R. F. & Oppenheim, F. G. Candida albicans mutants deficient in respiration are resistant to the small cationic salivary antimicrobial peptide histatin 5. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44, 348\u2013354 (2000).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"50114_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7286","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.11.7286","volume":"274","author":"EJ Helmerhorst","year":"1999","unstructured":"Helmerhorst, E. J. et al. The cellular target of histatin 5 on Candida albicans is the energized mitochondrion. J Biol Chem 274, 7286\u20137291 (1999).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"50114_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141366998","volume":"98","author":"EJ Helmerhorst","year":"2001","unstructured":"Helmerhorst, E. J., Troxler, R. F. & Oppenheim, F. G. The human salivary peptide histatin 5 exerts its antifungal activity through the formation of reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 14637\u201314642, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.141366998 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"50114_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.10.104","volume":"311","author":"R Petruzzelli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petruzzelli, R. et al. Respiratory inhibition of isolated mammalian mitochondria by salivary antifungal peptide histatin-5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 311, 1034\u20131040 (2003).","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"50114_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.5.2625","volume":"274","author":"JG Okun","year":"1999","unstructured":"Okun, J. G., Lummen, P. & Brandt, U. Three classes of inhibitors share a common binding domain in mitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). J Biol Chem 274, 2625\u20132630 (1999).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"50114_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.21457","volume":"96","author":"PT Kang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kang, P. T., Yun, J., Kaumaya, P. P. T. & Chen, Y.-R. Design and use of peptide-based antibodies decreasing superoxide production by mitochondrial complex I and complex II. Biopolymers 96, 207\u2013221, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bip.21457 (2011).","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"50114_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)81741-6","volume":"243","author":"DJ Horgan","year":"1968","unstructured":"Horgan, D. J., Singer, T. P. & Casida, J. E. Studies on the respiratory chain-linked reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase. 13. Binding sites of rotenone, piericidin A, and amytal in the respiratory chain. J Biol Chem 243, 834\u2013843 (1968).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"50114_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(97)00029-7","volume":"1320","author":"TV Zharova","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zharova, T. V. & Vinogradov, A. D. A competitive inhibition of the mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) by ADP-ribose. Biochim Biophys Acta 1320, 256\u2013264 (1997).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"50114_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)62299-9","volume":"246","author":"EA Kean","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kean, E. A., Gutman, M. & Singer, T. P. Studies on the respiratory chain-linked nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase. XXII. Rhein, a competitive inhibitor of the dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 246, 2346\u20132353 (1971).","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"50114_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.07.076","volume":"579","author":"AB Kotlyar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kotlyar, A. B., Karliner, J. S. & Cecchini, G. A novel strong competitive inhibitor of complex I. FEBS Lett 579, 4861\u20134866, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.07.076 (2005).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"50114_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.07.001","volume":"22","author":"AJP Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown, A. J. P., Brown, G. D., Netea, M. G. & Gow, N. A. R. Metabolism impacts upon Candida immunogenicity and pathogenicity at multiple levels. Trends Microbiol 22, 614\u2013622, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2014.07.001 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"50114_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1188235","volume":"8","author":"D Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, D. & Calderone, R. Exploiting mitochondria as targets for the development of new antifungals. Virulence 8, 159\u2013168, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2016.1188235 (2017).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"50114_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.05184-11","volume":"10","author":"M Shingu-Vazquez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shingu-Vazquez, M. & Traven, A. Mitochondria and fungal pathogenesis: drug tolerance, virulence, and potential for antifungal therapy. Eukaryot Cell 10, 1376\u20131383, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ec.05184-11 (2011).","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"50114_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2534","volume":"14","author":"CA McLellan","year":"2018","unstructured":"McLellan, C. A. et al. Inhibiting mitochondrial phosphate transport as an unexploited antifungal strategy. Nat Chem Biol 14, 135\u2013141, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nchembio.2534 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"50114_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00285","volume":"8","author":"S-X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, S.-X. et al. Mitochondrial Complex V \u03b1 Subunit Is Critical for Pathogenicity through Modulating Multiple Virulence Properties. Front Microbiol 8, 285, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00285 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"50114_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fov027","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fov027","volume":"15","author":"R Calderone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calderone, R., Li, D. & Traven, A. System-level impact of mitochondria on fungal virulence: to metabolism and beyond. FEMS Yeast Res 15, fov027, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsyr\/fov027 (2015).","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"50114_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.107","volume":"16","author":"MB Lohse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lohse, M. B., Gulati, M., Johnson, A. D. & Nobile, C. J. Development and regulation of single- and multi-species Candida albicans biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 16, 19\u201331, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.107 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"50114_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-016-5514-0","volume":"54","author":"S H\u00f6fs","year":"2016","unstructured":"H\u00f6fs, S., Mogavero, S. & Hube, B. Interaction of Candida albicans with host cells: virulence factors, host defense, escape strategies, and the microbiota. J Microbiol 54, 149\u2013169, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12275-016-5514-0 (2016).","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"50114_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.00066-09","volume":"8","author":"A Bambach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bambach, A. et al. Goa1p of Candida albicans localizes to the mitochondria during stress and is required for mitochondrial function and virulence. Eukaryot Cell 8, 1706\u20131720, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ec.00066-09 (2009).","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"50114_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12438","volume":"17","author":"X She","year":"2015","unstructured":"She, X. et al. Fungal-specific subunits of the Candida albicans mitochondrial complex I drive diverse cell functions including cell wall synthesis. Cell Microbiol 17, 1350\u20131364, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cmi.12438 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50114-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50114-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50114-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T13:54:19Z","timestamp":1671285259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50114-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["50114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-50114-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"13694"}}