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Two-photon uncaging of glutamate is widely utilized to characterize the structural plasticity of dendritic spines in brain slice preparations\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In the present study, glutamate uncaging was used to investigate spine plasticity, for the first time,\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A caged glutamate compound was applied to the surface of the mouse visual cortex\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , revealing the successful induction of spine enlargement by repetitive two-photon uncaging in a magnesium free solution. Notably, this induction occurred in a smaller fraction of spines in the neocortex\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    (22%) than in hippocampal slices (95%). Once induced, the time course and mean long-term enlargement amplitudes were similar to those found in hippocampal slices. However, low-frequency (1\u20132\u2009Hz) glutamate uncaging in the presence of magnesium caused spine shrinkage in a similar fraction (35%) of spines as in hippocampal slices, though spread to neighboring spines occurred less frequently than it did in hippocampal slices. Thus, the structural plasticity may occur similarly in the neocortex\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    as in hippocampal slices, although it happened less frequently in our experimental conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50445-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T16:12:13Z","timestamp":1569514333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Bidirectional in vivo structural dendritic spine plasticity revealed by two-photon glutamate uncaging in the mouse neocortex"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Noguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Nagaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Hayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Ucar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2854-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sho","family":"Yagishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruo","family":"Kasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"50445_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/nn736","volume":"4","author":"M Matsuzaki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matsuzaki, M. et al. 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