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Currently, host responses reflected by immune markers are not considered in this definition. We aimed to study soluble immune markers and their distribution in different phases of chronic HBV infection. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, we investigated a panel of 14 soluble immune markers (SIM) including CXCL10 in 333 patients with chronic HBV infection. In a small cohort of HBeAg positive patients we analyzed SIM before and after HBeAg seroconversion and compared seroconverters to patients with unknown outcome. Significant differences were documented in the levels of several SIM between the four phases of chronic HBV infection. The most pronounced difference among all investigated SIM was observed for CXCL10 concentrations with highest levels in patients with hepatitis. TGF-\u03b2 and IL-17 revealed different levels between HBeAg negative patients. HBeAg positive patients with HBeAg seroconversion presented higher amounts of IL-12 before seroconversion compared to HBeAg positive patients with unknown follow up. SIM such as CXCL10 but also IL-12, TGF-\u03b2 and IL-17 may be useful markers to further characterize the phase of chronic HBV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50729-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T10:02:32Z","timestamp":1569924152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Soluble immune markers in the different phases of chronic hepatitis B virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Steffen B.","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Beggel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Wranke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmira","family":"Aliabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Jaroszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Manns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lengauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Wedemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke R. 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He also hold lectures for Abbvie, Bristol-Myers Squib, Dia Sorin, Gilead Sciences, Grifols, MSD Sharp & Dohme\/Merck, Roche, Woerwag and received lecture fees. M.P.M. has been funded by Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead. He has received honoraria for consulting\/holding lectures for Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, Medgenics, Enyo Pharma, Curevac. H.W. has received honoraria for consulting\/speaking from BMS, Gilead, Janssen, Roche Diagnostics, Abbott, Roche. M.C.\u2019s work has been funded by Roche Pharma. He has received compensation as a member of the scientific advisory board of Abbvie Deutschland GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biogen Idec, Gilead Sciences, Janssen-Cilag, MSD Sharp & Dohme\/Merck, Roche Diagnostics Roche Pharma. He also hold lectures for Falk Foundation e.V. and received lecture fees. S.B.W., C.F., E.A., A.R.M.K., B.B., A.W., C.J.X., Y.L. and T.L. declare no potential conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"14118"}}