{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:40:07Z","timestamp":1793367607628,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by speech abnormalities, reflected by symptoms such as pressure of speech in mania and poverty of speech in depression. Here we aimed at investigating speech abnormalities in different episodes of BD, including mixed episodes, via process-oriented measures of verbal fluency performance \u2013 i.e., word and error count, semantic and phonological clustering measures, and number of switches\u2013, and their relation to neurocognitive mechanisms and clinical symptoms. 93 patients with BD \u2013 i.e., 25 manic, 12 mixed manic, 19 mixed depression, 17 depressed, and 20 euthymic\u2013and 31 healthy controls were administered three verbal fluency tasks \u2013 free, letter, semantic\u2013and a clinical and neuropsychological assessment. Compared to depression and euthymia, switching and clustering abnormalities were found in manic and mixed states, mimicking symptoms like flight of ideas. Moreover, the neuropsychological results, as well as the fact that error count did not increase whereas phonological associations did, showed that impaired inhibition abilities and distractibility could not account for the results in patients with manic symptoms. Rather, semantic overactivation in patients with manic symptoms, including mixed depression, may compensate for trait-like deficient semantic retrieval\/access found in euthymia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:disp-quote>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic>\u201cFor those who are manic, or those who have a history of mania, words move about in all directions possible, in a three-dimensional \u2018soup\u2019, making retrieval more fluid, less predictable.\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                        Kay Redfield Jamison (2017, p. 279).\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:disp-quote>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50818-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T06:11:10Z","timestamp":1570083070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Thought and language disturbance in bipolar disorder quantified via process-oriented verbal fluency measures"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Luisa","family":"Weiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0295-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nad\u00e8ge","family":"Doignon-Camus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Bertschy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8577-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Giersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"50818_CR1","unstructured":"Goodwin, F. K. & Jamison, K. R. Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression. (Oxford University Press, USA 2007)."},{"key":"50818_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800080067009","volume":"43","author":"M Harrow","year":"1986","unstructured":"Harrow, M., Grossman, L. S., Silverstein, M. L., Meltzer, H. Y. & Kettering, R. L. A longitudinal study of thought disorder in manic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43, 781\u2013785 (1986).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR3","unstructured":"KRAEPELIN, E. La folie maniaco-d\u00e9pressive. (Mollat, 2008)."},{"key":"50818_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01814750","volume":"100","author":"G Giehm","year":"1933","unstructured":"Giehm, G. Experimentell-psychologische Untersuchungen der Assoziationsgeschwindigkeit bei Geisteskranken. Arch. F\u00fcr Psychiatr. Nervenkrankh. 100, 432\u2013438 (1933).","journal-title":"Arch. F\u00fcr Psychiatr. Nervenkrankh."},{"key":"50818_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.9.1166","volume":"143","author":"ED Shaw","year":"1986","unstructured":"Shaw, E. D., Mann, J. J., Stokes, P. E. & Manevitz, A. Z. Effects of lithium carbonate on associative productivity and idiosyncrasy in bipolar outpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry 143, 1166\u20131169 (1986).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199308000-00007","volume":"13","author":"JH Kocsis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kocsis, J. H. et al. Neuropsychologic Effects of Lithium Discontinuation. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 13, 268 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"50818_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000284966","volume":"29","author":"J Levine","year":"1996","unstructured":"Levine, J., Schild, K., Kimhi, R. & Schreiber, G. Word Associative Production in Affective versus Schizophrenic Psychoses. Psychopathology 29, 7\u201313 (1996).","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"50818_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.039","volume":"207","author":"D Raucher-Ch\u00e9n\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raucher-Ch\u00e9n\u00e9, D., Achim, A. M., Kaladjian, A. & Besche-Richard, C. Verbal fluency in bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 207, 359\u2013366 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"50818_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutting, J. Principles of Psychopathology: Two Worlds - Two Minds - Two Hemispheres. (Oxford University Press, 1997).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192622402.001.0001"},{"key":"50818_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800090017003","volume":"43","author":"RE Hoffman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hoffman, R. E., Stopek, S. & Andreasen, N. C. A comparative study of manic vs schizophrenic speech disorganization. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43, 831\u2013838 (1986).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR11","unstructured":"Jamison, K. R. Robert Lowell, Setting the River on Fire: A Study of Genius, Mania, and Character. (Knopf, 2017)."},{"key":"50818_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-013-9340-0","volume":"14","author":"L Sass","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sass, L. & Pienkos, E. Beyond Words: Linguistic Experience in Melancholia, Mania, and Schizophrenia. Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci. 14, 475\u2013495 (2015).","journal-title":"Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"50818_CR13","unstructured":"Binswanger, L. Sur la fuite des id\u00e9es. (Editions J\u00e9r\u00f4me Millon, 2000)."},{"key":"50818_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.05.006","volume":"121","author":"C Piguet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piguet, C. et al. Phenomenology of racing and crowded thoughts in mood disorders: a theoretical reappraisal. J. Affect. Disord. 121, 189\u2013198 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"50818_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-015-9355-5","volume":"45","author":"E Esmaeelpour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Esmaeelpour, E. & Sasani, F. The Effect of Bipolar Mood Disorder on Sadegh Hedayat\u2019s Letters. J. Psycholinguist. Res. 45, 367\u2013377 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Psycholinguist. Res."},{"key":"50818_CR16","unstructured":"Lezak, M. D. Neuropsychological Assessment. (Oxford University Press, 2004)."},{"key":"50818_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.1.138","volume":"11","author":"AK Troyer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Troyer, A. K., Moscovitch, M. & Winocur, G. Clustering and switching as two components of verbal fluency: evidence from younger and older healthy adults. Neuropsychology 11, 138\u2013146 (1997).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"50818_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.18.2.284","volume":"18","author":"JD Henry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Henry, J. D. & Crawford, J. R. A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency performance following focal cortical lesions. Neuropsychology 18, 284\u2013295 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"50818_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200763","volume":"1","author":"JT Wixted","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wixted, J. T. & Rohrer, D. Analyzing the dynamics of free recall: An integrative review of the empirical literature. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 1, 89\u2013106 (1994).","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"50818_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledoux, K. et al. Capturing additional information about the organization of entries in the lexicon from verbal fluency productions. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 36 (2014).","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2013.878689"},{"key":"50818_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2015.1056300","volume":"23","author":"E Helmes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Helmes, E. & Hall, F. Performance of psychiatric diagnostic groups on measures and strategies of verbal fluency. Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult 23, 284\u2013294 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult"},{"key":"50818_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(92)90018-H","volume":"30","author":"SA Raskin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Raskin, S. A., Sliwinski, M. & Borod, J. C. Clustering strategies on tasks of verbal fluency in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropsychologia 30, 95\u201399 (1992).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"50818_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.06.012","volume":"20","author":"R Koren","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koren, R., Kofman, O. & Berger, A. Analysis of word clustering in verbal fluency of school-aged children. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. Off. J. Natl. Acad. Neuropsychol. 20, 1087\u20131104 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. Off. J. Natl. Acad. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"50818_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.16.1.84","volume":"16","author":"MR Basso","year":"2002","unstructured":"Basso, M. R., Lowery, N., Neel, J., Purdie, R. & Bornstein, R. A. Neuropsychological impairment among manic, depressed, and mixed-episode inpatients with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychology 16, 84\u201391 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"50818_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e351","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09092","volume":"76","author":"G Perugi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perugi, G. et al. Mixed features in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE-II-MIX study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 76, e351\u2013358 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR26","first-page":"12","volume":"2","author":"LH Phillips","year":"2002","unstructured":"Phillips, L. H., Bull, R., Adams, E. & Fraser, L. Positive mood and executive function: evidence from stroop and fluency tasks. Emot. Wash. DC 2, 12\u201322 (2002).","journal-title":"Emot. Wash. DC"},{"key":"50818_CR27","unstructured":"Weiner, L. Racing thoughts: Cognitive and Psychopathological Mechanisms. Neuroscience. University of Strasbourg 2017."},{"key":"50818_CR28","first-page":"17","volume":"117","author":"P Fossati","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fossati, P., Ergis, A.-M. & Allilaire, J.-F. & others. Qualitative analysis of verbal fluency in depression. Psychiatry Res. 117, 17\u201324 (2003).","journal-title":"Qualitative analysis of verbal fluency in depression. Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"50818_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.02.020","volume":"35","author":"JS Chang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chang, J. S. et al. Differential pattern of semantic memory organization between bipolar I and II disorders. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 1053\u20131058 (2011).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033068","volume":"122","author":"K Sung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sung, K., Gordon, B., Vannorsdall, T. D., Ledoux, K. & Schretlen, D. J. Impaired retrieval of semantic information in bipolar disorder: a clustering analysis of category-fluency productions. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 122, 624\u2013634 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"50818_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.82.6.407","volume":"82","author":"AM Collins","year":"1975","unstructured":"Collins, A. M. & Loftus, E. F. A Spreading-Activation Theory of Semantic Processing. Psychol. Rev. 82, 407\u2013428 (1975).","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"50818_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.026","volume":"22","author":"TP Ross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ross, T. P. et al. The reliability and validity of qualitative scores for the Controlled Oral Word Association. Test. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. Off. J. Natl. Acad. Neuropsychol. 22, 475\u2013488 (2007).","journal-title":"Test. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. Off. J. Natl. Acad. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"50818_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00217-2","volume":"40","author":"AK Ho","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ho, A. K. et al. Verbal fluency in Huntington\u2019s disease: a longitudinal analysis of phonemic and semantic clustering and switching. Neuropsychologia 40, 1277\u20131284 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"50818_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2005.05.001","volume":"53","author":"E Navarrete","year":"2005","unstructured":"Navarrete, E. & Costa, A. Phonological activation of ignored pictures: Further evidence for a cascade model of lexical access. J. Mem. Lang. 53, 359\u2013377 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"50818_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12041","volume":"8","author":"G Robinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robinson, G. & Ceslis, A. An unusual presentation of probable dementia: rhyming, associations, and verbal disinhibition. J. Neuropsychol. 8, 289\u2013294 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"50818_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.04.019","volume":"199","author":"R Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silva, R. et al. Insight in bipolar mania: evaluation of its heterogeneity and correlation with clinical symptoms. J. Affect. Disord. 199, 95\u201398 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"50818_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.05.033","volume":"255","author":"L Weiner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weiner, L. et al. Racing thoughts revisited: A key dimension of activation in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 255, 69\u201376 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"50818_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2015.1047013","volume":"20","author":"R Rinaldi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rinaldi, R. & Lefebvre, L. Cued fluency protocol reveals dynamic symptomatic-dependent processes of goal-directed behaviours in schizophrenia. Cognit. Neuropsychiatry 20, 382\u2013397 (2015).","journal-title":"Cognit. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.11.012","volume":"271","author":"P Krukow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krukow, P. et al. What specifically contributes to disturbed non-verbal fluency in patients with bipolar disorder: Ineffective performance initiation, slowed processing or lack of the execution strategy? Psychiatry Res. 271, 15\u201322 (2019).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"50818_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2017.1356710","volume":"22","author":"P Krukow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krukow, P., Harciarek, M., Morylowska-Topolska, J., Karaku\u0142a-Juchnowicz, H. & Jonak, K. Ineffective initiation contributes to deficient verbal and non-verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia. Cognit. Neuropsychiatry 22, 391\u2013406 (2017).","journal-title":"Cognit. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.3.391.810","volume":"20","author":"SF Crowe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Crowe, S. F. Decrease in performance on the verbal fluency test as a function of time: evaluation in a young healthy sample. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 20, 391\u2013401 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"50818_CR42","unstructured":"Association, A. P. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)."},{"key":"50818_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","volume":"133","author":"RC Young","year":"1978","unstructured":"Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E. & Meyer, D. A. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci. 133, 429\u2013435 (1978).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"50818_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01866-8","volume":"54","author":"AJ Rush","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rush, A. J. et al. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 54, 573\u2013583 (2003).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR45","first-page":"499","volume":"29","author":"S Favre","year":"2003","unstructured":"Favre, S. et al. Translation and validation of a French version of the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). L\u2019Encephale 29, 499\u2013505 (2003).","journal-title":"L\u2019Encephale"},{"key":"50818_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.10.1089","volume":"62","author":"T Suppes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suppes, T. et al. Mixed hypomania in 908 patients with bipolar disorder evaluated prospectively in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Network: a sex-specific phenomenon. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 1089\u20131096 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15091119","volume":"173","author":"S Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller, S. et al. Mixed Depression in Bipolar Disorder: Prevalence Rate and Clinical Correlates During Naturalistic Follow-Up in the Stanley Bipolar Network. Am. J. Psychiatry 173, 1015\u20131023 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.01.006","volume":"82","author":"L Weiner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weiner, L. et al. Measuring racing thoughts in healthy individuals: The Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire (RCTQ). Compr. Psychiatry 82, 37\u201344 (2018).","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"50818_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023910315561","volume":"27","author":"W Treynor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric. Analysis. Cogn. Ther. Res. 27, 247\u2013259 (2003).","journal-title":"Analysis. Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"50818_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00039-8","volume":"19","author":"TN Tombaugh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tombaugh, T. N. Trail Making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 19, 203\u2013214 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"50818_CR51","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III. San Antonio, Tex, Psychological Corporation; 2017."},{"key":"50818_CR52","unstructured":"Burgess, P. W. & Shallice, T. The Hayling and Brixton Tests. Thames Valley Test Company, Bury St. Edmunds, U.K. (1997). Available at, http:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/5457\/. (Accessed: 31st October 2017)."},{"key":"50818_CR53","unstructured":"Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S. & Spreen, O. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary. (Oxford University Press, 2006)."},{"key":"50818_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7006(05)82370-X","volume":"31","author":"A Mackinnon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mackinnon, A. & Mulligan, R. The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels in French speakers. L\u2019Encephale 31, 31\u201343 (2005).","journal-title":"L\u2019Encephale"},{"key":"50818_CR55","first-page":"207","volume":"90","author":"D Cardebat","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cardebat, D., Doyon, B., Puel, M., Goulet, P. & Joanette, Y. Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex, age and educational level. Acta Neurol. Belg. 90, 207\u2013217 (1990).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"50818_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039308249516","volume":"7","author":"R B\u00e9land","year":"1993","unstructured":"B\u00e9land, R., Lecours, A. R., Giroux, F. & Bois, M. The MT-86 \u03b2 aphasia battery: A subset of normative data in relation to age and level of school education (Part II). Aphasiology 7, 359\u2013382 (1993).","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"50818_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12133","volume":"128","author":"C Bourne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bourne, C. et al. Neuropsychological testing of cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 128, 149\u2013162 (2013).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"50818_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol. 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50818-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50818-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50818-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T08:52:29Z","timestamp":1721811149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50818-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["50818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-50818-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"14282"}}