{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:55:21Z","timestamp":1791276921790,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Energy transfer is fundamental to ecosystem processes, affecting productivity and community structure. Large aggregations of colonially breeding birds are known as nutrient sources through deposition of feces, but also may deposit large quantities of energy in the form of dead nestlings. The magnitude and ecological relevance of this process to the scavenger community is poorly understood. We used trail cameras to monitor the fates of size-appropriate chicken carcasses in heron colonies in order to quantify the proportion of available fallen nestlings that were consumed by scavengers in the Everglades of Florida, USA. Overall, 85% of 160 carcasses were consumed, with Turkey Vultures (<jats:italic>Cathartes aura<\/jats:italic>, 47%) and American Alligators (<jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>, 29%) being the primary consumers. Probability of consumption by alligators or vultures was related to distance from nest to water, local nesting density, and colony type. Consumption probabilities of both scavengers in relation to habitat covariates suggested clear resource partitioning promoting coexistence. We estimate fallen nestlings throughout this ecosystem could support 16% of the alligator population and 147 adult Turkey Vultures during a nesting season. This work indicates that fallen nestlings can serve as an important source of energy for scavengers at colonial breeding aggregations, particularly in oligotrophic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50986-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T10:32:32Z","timestamp":1570703552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nestling carcasses from colonially breeding wading birds: patterns of access and energetic relevance for a vertebrate scavenger community"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wray","family":"Gabel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8098-9490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Frederick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jabi","family":"Zabala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"50986_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2307\/1930126","volume":"23","author":"RL Lindeman","year":"1942","unstructured":"Lindeman, R. L. The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology. Ecology 23, 399\u2013417 (1942).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"50986_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.2307\/1937776","volume":"65","author":"MD Bertness","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bertness, M. D. Ribbed Mussels and Spartina Alterniflora Production in a New England Salt Marsh. Ecology 65, 1794\u20131807 (1984).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"50986_CR3","unstructured":"Frederick, P. & Powell, G. V. Nutrient transport by wading birds in the Everglades. (St. Lucie Press, 1994)."},{"key":"50986_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-100X.1997.00544.x","volume":"5","author":"JG Ehrenfeld","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ehrenfeld, J. G. & Toth, L. A. Restoration Ecology and the Ecosystem Perspective. Restor. Ecol. 5, 307\u2013317 (1997).","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"50986_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015693520169","volume":"470","author":"P H\u00f8berg","year":"2002","unstructured":"H\u00f8berg, P., Lindholm, M., Ramberg, L. & Hessen, D. O. Aquatic food web dynamics on a floodplain in the Okavango delta, Botswana. Hydrobiologia 470, 23\u201330 (2002).","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"50986_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2307\/1352688","volume":"15","author":"KL Bildstein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bildstein, K. L., Blood, E., Frederick, P., Hill, R. & Carolina, S. The Relative Importance of Biotic and Abiotic Vectors in Nutrient Transport. Estuaries 15, 147\u2013157 (1992).","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"issue":"3","key":"50986_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013121111153","volume":"56","author":"M. Sutula","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sutula, M., Day, J. W., Cable, J. & Rudnick, D. Hydrological and nutrient budgets of freshwater and estuarine wetlands of Taylor Slough in Southern Everglades, Florida (USA). Biogeochemistry, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1013121111153 (2001).","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"50986_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1998.97112.x","volume":"12","author":"DM Post","year":"1998","unstructured":"Post, D. M., Taylor, J. P., Kitchell, J. F., Olson, M. H. & Schindler, D. E. The Role of Migratory Waterfowl as Nutrient Vectors in a Managed Wetland. Conserv. Biol. 12, 910\u2013920 (1998).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"50986_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.05.007","volume":"21","author":"CH Sekercioglu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sekercioglu, C. H. Increasing awareness of avian ecological function. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 464\u2013471 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"50986_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polis, G. A. & Hurd, S. D. Linking Marine and Terrestrial Food Webs: Allochthonous Input from the Ocean Supports High Secondary \u2026. Am. Nat. (1996).","DOI":"10.1086\/285858"},{"key":"50986_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/46769","volume":"40","author":"P Stapp","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stapp, P., Polis, G. A. & S\u00e2nchez Pinero, F. Stable isotopes reveal strong marine and El Nino effects on island food webs. Nature 40, 467\u2013469 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"50986_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[3117:BUDOAI]2.0.CO;2","volume":"81","author":"Francisco S\u00e1nchez-Pin\u0303ero","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sanchez-Pinero, F. & Polis, G. A. Bottom-up dynamics of allochthonous input: Direct and indirect effects of seabirds on islands. Ecology, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[3117:BUDOAI]2.0.CO;2 (2000).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"50986_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-005-7147-y","volume":"181","author":"JC Ellis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ellis, J. C. Marine birds on land: A review of plant biomass, species richness, and community composition in seabird colonies. Plant Ecol. 181, 227\u2013241 (2005).","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"50986_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2307\/3565421","volume":"55","author":"JD Oliver","year":"1989","unstructured":"Oliver, J. D. & Schoenberg, S. A. Residual Influence of Macronutrient Enrichment on the Aquatic Food Web of an Okefenokee Swamp Abandoned Bird Rookery. Oikos 55, 175\u2013182 (1989).","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"50986_CR15","unstructured":"Davis, S. M. Phosphorus inputs and vegetation sensitivity in the Everglades. In Evergaldes, the Ecosystem and it\u2019s Restoration 357\u2013378 (St. Lucie Press, 1994)."},{"key":"50986_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.097","volume":"532","author":"DL Irick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Irick, D. L. et al. Wading bird guano enrichment of soil nutrients in tree islands of the Florida Everglades. Sci. Total Environ. 532, 40\u201347 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"50986_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12045","volume":"89","author":"AJ Green","year":"2014","unstructured":"Green, A. J. & Elmberg, J. Ecosystem services provided by waterbirds. Biol. Rev. 89, 105\u2013122 (2014).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"50986_CR18","first-page":"59","volume":"8","author":"AJ Williams","year":"1978","unstructured":"Williams, A. J., Burger, A. E. & Lindeboom, H. J. The mineral and energy contributions of guano of selected species of birds to the Marion Island terrestrial ecosystem. South African. J. Antarct. Res. 8, 59\u201370 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Antarct. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"50986_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-015-0664-0","volume":"35","author":"Lucas A. Nell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nell, L. A. & Frederick, P. C. Fallen Nestlings and Regurgitant as Mechanisms of Nutrient Transfer from Nesting Wading Birds to Crocodilians. Wetlands, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13157-015-0664-0 (2015).","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"50986_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149572","volume":"11","author":"LA Nell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nell, L. A., Frederick, P. C., Mazzotti, F. J., Vliet, K. A. & Brandt, L. A. Presence of breeding birds improves body condition for a crocodilian nest protector. PLoS One 11, 1\u201316 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"50986_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2307\/3535166","volume":"66","author":"RW Butler","year":"1985","unstructured":"Butler, R. W., Lemon, M. & Rodway, M. Northwestern Crows in a Rhinoceros Auklet Colony: Predators and Scavengers. The Murrelet 66, 86 (1985).","journal-title":"The Murrelet"},{"key":"50986_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1991.tb04581.x","volume":"133","author":"S Hunter","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hunter, S. The impact of avian predator\u2010scavengers on King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus chicks at Marion Island. Ibis (Lond. 1859). 133, 343\u2013350 (1991).","journal-title":"Ibis (Lond. 1859)."},{"key":"50986_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008951701780","volume":"8","author":"GR Howald","year":"1999","unstructured":"Howald, G. R., Mineau, P., Elliott, J. E. & Cheng, K. M. Brodifacoum poisoning of avian scavengers during rat control on a seabird colony. Ecotoxicology 8, 431\u2013447 (1999).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"50986_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.12.011","volume":"26","author":"EE Wilson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilson, E. E. & Wolkovich, E. M. Scavenging: How carnivores and carrion structure communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 129\u2013135 (2011).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"50986_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12378.x","volume":"2","author":"TL DeVault","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeVault, T. L., Rhodes, O. E. & Shivik, J. A. Scavenging by vertebrates: behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives on an important energy transfer pathway in terrestrial ecosystems. Oikos 2, 225\u2013234 (2003).","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"50986_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeVault, T. L. et al. Ecosystem Services Provided by Avian Scavengers. Why Birds Matter Avian Ecol. Funct. Ecosyst. Serv. 235\u2013270 (2016).","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226382777.003.0008"},{"key":"50986_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04887","volume":"442","author":"N Rooney","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rooney, N., McCann, K., Gellner, G. & Moore, J. C. Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs. Nature 442, 265\u2013269 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"50986_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12097","volume":"89","author":"M Mole\u00f3n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mole\u00f3n, M., S\u00e1nchez-Zapata, J. A., Selva, N., Don\u00e1zar, J. A. & Owen-Smith, N. Inter-specific interactions linking predation and scavenging in terrestrial vertebrate assemblages. Biol. Rev. 89, 1042\u20131054 (2014).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"50986_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2012.20353.x","volume":"121","author":"JC Beasley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beasley, J. C., Olson, Z. H. & Devault, T. L. Carrion cycling in food webs: Comparisons among terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Oikos 121, 1021\u20131026 (2012).","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"50986_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.02.005","volume":"228","author":"GD Ruxton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ruxton, G. D. & Houston, D. C. Obligate vertebrate scavengers must be large soaring fliers. J. Theor. Biol. 228, 431\u2013436 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"50986_CR31","unstructured":"Beasley, J. C., Olson, Z. H. & Devault, T. L. Ecological Role of Vertebrate Scavengers. In Carrion Ecology, Evolution, and Their Applications (eds Eric Benbow, M., Tomberlin, J. K. & Tarone, A. M.) 107\u2013121 (CRC Press, 2015)."},{"key":"50986_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.02817","volume":"40","author":"A Kane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kane, A., Healy, K., Guillerme, T., Ruxton, G. D. & Jackson, A. L. A recipe for scavenging in vertebrates - the natural history of a behaviour. Ecography (Cop.) 40, 324\u2013334 (2016).","journal-title":"Ecography (Cop.)"},{"key":"50986_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES13-00108.1","volume":"4","author":"R Moreno-Opo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moreno-Opo, R. & Margalida, A. Carcasses provide resources not exclusively to scavengers: Patterns of carrion exploitation by passerine birds. Ecosphere 4, 1\u201315 (2013).","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"50986_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7647","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614778114","volume":"114","author":"AL Subalusky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Subalusky, A. L., Dutton, C. L., Rosi, E. J. & Post, D. M. Annual mass drownings of the Serengeti wildebeest migration influence nutrient cycling and storage in the Mara River. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114, 7647\u20137652 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"50986_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05127.x","volume":"235","author":"R Hewson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hewson, R. Use of salmonid carcasses by vertebrate scavengers. J. Zool. 235, 53\u201365 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"50986_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1139\/z97-102","volume":"75","author":"M Ben-David","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ben-David, M., Hanley, T. A., Klein, D. R. & Schell, D. M. Seasonal changes in diets of coastal and riverine mink: the role of spawning Pacific salmon. Can. J. Zool. 75, 803\u2013811 (1997).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"50986_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2307\/1365614","volume":"67","author":"RE Ricklefs","year":"1965","unstructured":"Ricklefs, R. E. Brood Reduction in the Curve-Billed Thrasher. Condor 67, 505\u2013510 (1965).","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"50986_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1086\/412316","volume":"56","author":"AB Clark","year":"1981","unstructured":"Clark, A. B. & Wilson, D. S. Avian Breeding Adaptations: Hatching Asynchrony, Brood Reduction, and Nest Failure. Q. Rev. Biol. 56, 253\u2013277 (1981).","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"50986_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1126\/science.225.4663.731","volume":"225","author":"DW Mock","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mock, D. W. Siblicidal Aggression and Resource Monopolization in Birds. Science (80). 225, 731\u2013733 (1984).","journal-title":"Science (80)."},{"issue":"6","key":"50986_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)10030-6","volume":"11","author":"Martyn J. Stenning","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stenning, M. J. Hatching asynchrony, brood reduction and other rapidly reproducing hypotheses. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0169-5347(96)10030-6 (1996).","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"50986_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1655\/0018-0831(2002)058[0429:SBSAEO]2.0.CO;2","volume":"58","author":"TL DeVault","year":"2002","unstructured":"DeVault, T. L. & Krochmal, A. R. Scavenging by Snakes: An Examination of the Literature. Herpetologica 58, 429\u2013436 (2002).","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"50986_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0028-x","volume":"7","author":"JB Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith, J. B., Laatsch, L. J. & Beasley, J. C. Spatial complexity of carcass location influences vertebrate scavenger efficiency and species composition. Sci. Rep. 7, 1\u20138 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"50986_CR43","unstructured":"Nifong, J. C. Use of Marine Habitat and Food Resources by Coastal Inhabiting Alligator Mississippienis (American Alligator): Implications for Food Web and Community Dynamics. (University of Florida, 2014)."},{"key":"50986_CR44","first-page":"27","volume":"36","author":"JA Kushlan","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kushlan, J. A. & Kushlan, M. S. Function of Nest Attendance in the American Alligator. Herpetologica 36, 27\u201332 (1980).","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"50986_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/17.1.225","volume":"17","author":"LD Garrick","year":"1977","unstructured":"Garrick, L. D. & Lang, J. W. Social Signals and Behaviors of Adult Alligators and Crocodiles. Amer. Zoou 17, 225\u2013239 (1977).","journal-title":"Amer. Zoou"},{"key":"50986_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.3.1019","volume":"29","author":"KA Vliet","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vliet, K. A. Social Displays of the American Alliagtor (Alligator mississippiensis). Am. Zool. 29, 1019\u20131031 (1989).","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"50986_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2307\/2422877","volume":"66","author":"OT Owre","year":"1961","unstructured":"Owre, O. T. & Northington, P. O. Indication of the Sense of Smell in the Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura (Linnaeus), from Feeding Tests. Am. Midl. Nat. 66, 200\u2013205 (1961).","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"50986_CR48","first-page":"141","volume":"90","author":"JA Jackson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Jackson, J. A., Prather, I. D., Conner, R. N. & Parness, S. Fishing Behavior of Black and Turkey Vultures. Wilson Bull. 90, 141\u2013143 (1978).","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"50986_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrne, M. E., Holland, A. E., Turner, K. L., Bryan, A. L. & Beasley, J. C. Using multiple data sources to investigate foraging niche partitioning in sympatric obligate avian scavengers. Ecosphere 10 (2019).","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2548"},{"key":"50986_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00146.x","volume":"246","author":"A Travaini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Travaini, A. et al. Use of European hare (Lepus europaeus) carcasses by an avian scavenging assemblage in Patagonia. J. Zool. 246, 175\u2013181 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"50986_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.2307\/1939431","volume":"75","author":"F Hertel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hertel, F. Diversity in Body Size and Feeding Morphology within Past and Present Vulture Assemblages. Ecology 75, 1074\u20131084 (1994).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"50986_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1642\/AUK-13-201.1","volume":"131","author":"CJ Kendall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kendall, C. J. The early bird gets the carcass: Temporal segregation and its effects on foraging success in avian scavengers. Auk 131, 12\u201319 (2014).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"50986_CR53","first-page":"698","volume":"103","author":"WC Lemon","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lemon, W. C. Foraging Behavior of a Guild of Neotropical Vultures. Wilson Bull. 103, 698\u2013702 (1991).","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"50986_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/104.2.290","volume":"104","author":"MP Wallace","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wallace, M. P. & Temple, S. A. Competative interactions within and between species in a guild of avian scavengers. Auk 104, 290\u2013295 (1987).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"50986_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2307\/3801734","volume":"51","author":"JS Coleman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Coleman, J. S. & Fraser, J. D. Food Habits of Black and Turkey Vultures in Pennsylvania and Maryland. J. Wildl. Manage. 51, 733\u2013739 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"50986_CR56","unstructured":"Haskins, J. W. An ecological study of two species of vultures: Cathartes aura abd Coragyps atratus. (Stephen F. Austin State University, 1972)."},{"key":"50986_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2010.00352.x","volume":"13","author":"M Carrete","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carrete, M. et al. Winners and losers in human-made habitats: Interspecific competition outcomes in two Neotropical vultures. Anim. Conserv. 13, 390\u2013398 (2010).","journal-title":"Anim. Conserv."},{"key":"50986_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1139\/z90-031","volume":"68","author":"S Boutin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Boutin, S. Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: patterns, problems and the future. Can. J. Zool. 68, 203\u2013220 (1990).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"50986_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053077","volume":"8","author":"S Monsarrat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monsarrat, S. et al. How Predictability of Feeding Patches Affects Home Range and Foraging Habitat Selection in Avian Social Scavengers? PLoS One 8, 1\u201311 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"50986_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17765-5","volume":"8","author":"JE Hill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hill, J. E., DeVault, T. L., Beasley, J. C., Rhodes, O. E. & Belant, J. L. Roads do not increase carrion use by a vertebrate scavenging community. Sci. Rep. 8, 1\u201310 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"50986_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-017-0900-x","volume":"37","author":"Brittany F. Burtner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burtner, B. F. & Frederick, P. C. Attraction of Nesting Wading Birds to Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Testing the \u2018Nest Protector\u2019 Hypothesis. Wetlands, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13157-017-0900-x (2017).","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"50986_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02583.x","volume":"219","author":"T Jacobsen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jacobsen, T. & Kushlan, J. A. Growth dynamics in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). J. Zool. 219, 309\u2013328 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"50986_CR63","unstructured":"Mazzotti, F. J. & Brandt, L. A. Ecology of the American alligator in a seasonally fluctuating environment. In Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration (eds Davis, S. M. & Ogden, J. C.) 485\u2013505 (St. Kucie Press, 1994)."},{"issue":"1","key":"50986_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2307\/1446962","volume":"1996","author":"George H. Dalrymple","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dalrymple, G. H. Growth of American Alligators in the Shark Valley Region of Everglades National Park. Source: Copeia 212\u2013216 (1996).","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"50986_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1071\/WR02051","volume":"31","author":"JL Read","year":"2004","unstructured":"Read, J. L. & Wilson, D. Scavengers and detritivores of kangaroo harvest offcuts in arid Australia. Wildl. Res. 31, 51 (2004).","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"50986_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.05.002","volume":"23","author":"CR Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith, C. R., De Leo, F. C., Bernardino, A. F., Sweetman, A. K. & Arbizu, P. M. Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 518\u2013528 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"50986_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.2307\/1368070","volume":"91","author":"PC Frederick","year":"1989","unstructured":"Frederick, P. C. & Collopy, M. W. The Role of Predation in Determining Reproductive Success of Colonially Nesting Wading Birds in the Florida Everglades. Condor 91, 860\u2013867 (1989).","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"50986_CR68","first-page":"317","volume":"107","author":"SD Emslie","year":"1995","unstructured":"Emslie, S. D., Karnovsky, N. & Trivelpiece, W. Avian Predation at Penguin Colonies on King George Island, Antarctica. Wilson Ornithol. Soc. 107, 317\u2013327 (1995).","journal-title":"Wilson Ornithol. Soc."},{"key":"50986_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1929916","volume":"40","author":"CM Loveless","year":"2006","unstructured":"Loveless, C. M. A Study of the Vegetation in the Florida Everglades. Ecology 40, 1\u20139 (2006).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"50986_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodge, T. E. The Everglades handbook: understanding the ecosystem. (Crc Press, 2016).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315369037"},{"key":"50986_CR71","unstructured":"Frederick, P. C. & Collopy, M. W. Reproductive ecology of wading birds in relation to water conditions in the Florida Everglades (1988)."},{"key":"50986_CR72","first-page":"625","volume":"106","author":"PC Frederick","year":"1989","unstructured":"Frederick, P. C. & Collopy, M. W. Nesting Success of Five Ciconiiform Species in Relation to Water Conditions in the Florida Everglades. Auk 106, 625\u2013634 (1989).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"50986_CR73","first-page":"487","volume":"9","author":"ML Palmer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Palmer, M. L. & Mazzotti, F. J. Structure of Everglades alligator holes. Southeast. Nat. 9, 487\u2013496 (2004).","journal-title":"Southeast. Nat."},{"key":"50986_CR74","unstructured":"Frederick, P. C. & Ogden, J. C. Monitoring wetland ecosystems using avian populations: seventy years of surveys in the Everglades. In Monitoring ecosystems: interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating ecoregional initiatives (eds Busch, D. & Trexler, J.) 321\u2013350 (Isalnd Press, 2002)."},{"key":"50986_CR75","first-page":"66","volume":"42","author":"JA Kushlan","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kushlan, J. A. & Hunt, B. Limnology of an alligator pond in South Florida. Florida Sci. 42, 66\u201384 (1979).","journal-title":"Florida Sci."},{"key":"50986_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1656\/1528-7092(2004)003[0583:CONAAA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"3","author":"MR Campbell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Campbell, M. R. & Mazzotti, F. J. Characterization of Natural and Artificial Alligator Holes. Southeast. Nat. 3, 583\u2013594 (2004).","journal-title":"Southeast. Nat."},{"key":"50986_CR77","unstructured":"Esri. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.6. Redlands (2018)."},{"key":"50986_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottam, G. & Curtis, J. T. The Use of Distance Measures in Phytosociological Sampling Author (s): Grant Cottam and J. T. Curtis Reviewed work (s): Published by: Ecological Society of America Stable, http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1930167 America (NY). 37, 451\u2013460 (1956).","DOI":"10.2307\/1930167"},{"key":"50986_CR79","unstructured":"Loya, Y. Plotless and transect methods. in Monographs on Oceanic Methodology (eds Stoddart, D. R. & Johannes, R. E.) 197\u2013218 (UNESCO Press, 1978)."},{"key":"50986_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.05.011","volume":"23","author":"I Fujisaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fujisaki, I. et al. Use of alligator hole abundance and occupancy rate as indicators for restoration of a human-altered wetland. Ecol. Indic. 23, 627\u2013633 (2012).","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"50986_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-015-0677-8","volume":"35","author":"JH Waddle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waddle, J. H., Brandt, L. A., Jeffery, B. M. & Mazzotti, F. J. Dry Years Decrease Abundance of American Alligators in the Florida Everglades. Wetlands 35, 865\u2013875 (2015).","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"50986_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crawley, M. J. The R Book. The R Book, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470515075 (2007).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470515075"},{"key":"50986_CR83","unstructured":"Team, R. C. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria (2018)."},{"key":"50986_CR84","unstructured":"Bates, D. et al. Package \u2018lme4\u2019. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) (2014)."},{"key":"50986_CR85","unstructured":"Dalrymple, G. H. American Alligator Nesting and Reproductive Success in Everglades National Park: An Analysis of the Systematic Reconnaissance Flight (SRF) Data from 1985\u20131998. Final Report. (2001)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50986-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50986-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50986-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T14:27:49Z","timestamp":1671287269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-50986-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["50986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-50986-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"14512"}}